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Respiratory diseases - pigs Flashcards

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1
Q

Outline the causes of pig respiratory disease

A
  • PCV2 - endemic (>90% farms), immunosuppressive
  • PRRS - common on pig farms, immunosuppressive
  • Swine Influenza strains - many circulating, new strains in future
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2
Q 
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae:
Cs
Dx
Control 
Tx
A
  • CLINICAL SIGNS: chronic cough, FCR, variance in growth
  • DX: lung lesions, abbattoir, PCR, culture (difficult)
  • CONTROL: biosecurity, vaccination, medication
  • TX: ABs but not penicillin, depopulation
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3
Q 
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
Cs
Dx
Control 
Tx
A
  • CLINICAL SINGS: acute, cough, dyspnoea, death
  • DX: lesions, culture
  • CONTROL: biosecurity, vaccination (strains)
  • TX: ABs (animals may be very sick)
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4
Q 
Pasteurella
CS
Dx
Control
Tx
A
  • CLINICAL SIGNS - acute, sudden death or part of PRDC
  • DX: culture, lesions
  • CONTROL, vaccination?
  • TX. none
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5
Q 
Haemophilus parasuis
CS
Dx
Control
Tx
A
  • CLINICAL SIGNS: polyserositis,
  • DX: lesions, culture (difficult)
  • CONTROL: ABs, vaccination
  • TX: ABs
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6
Q 
Aujesky's disease = NOTIFIABLE
CS
Dx
Control
Tx
A
  • CLINICAL SIGNS: age dependent, respiratory signs in weaners
  • DX: rhinitis, URT, dead end host
  • CONTROL: Notifiable
  • TX: none
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7
Q

List some less common respiratory diseases of pigs - 8

A
  • Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
  • Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
  • Pasteurella
  • Haemophilus parasuis
  • Aujesky’s diease
  • Iron deficiency anaemia
  • Vitamin E deficiency
  • Erysipelas
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8
Q

When might you see vitamin E deficiency in pigs?

A

When fed rancid food (stored in sunlight), precipitates when there is unusual movement/stress of the pigs (moving pens, vaccination)

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9
Q

When might you see erysipelas infection?

A
  • soil borne organisms

- vaccine good but comes in large vial sizes which makes it expensive for small holders

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10
Q

What factors can cause pig respiratory problems? 4

A
  • Environment (air quality and stocking density)
  • Management (stress)
  • Breed and age
  • Pathogen exposure
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11
Q

What changes at weaning may precipitate development of a respiratory problem? 6

A
  • Moved pens
  • Mixed with others/larger groups
  • Change of feed
  • No mother
  • Routine treatments
  • Early weaning - can help, can leave a vulnerable population
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12
Q

Name 3 causes of neonatal respiratory disease

A
  • Actinobacillus suis
  • Bordetella bronchisepticum
  • Progressive atrophic rhinitis
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13
Q

Name 6 causes of respiratory disease in pre-weaned pigs

A
  • Progressive atrophic rhinitis
  • Bordetella bronchisepticum
  • Inclusion body rhinitis (pig CMV)
  • Enzootic pneumonia (Mycoplasma sp)
  • PRRSV (reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus).
  • Glassers disease (Haemophilus parasuis).
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14
Q

What might cause respiratory disease in weaners, growers and finishers? 10

A
  • Bordetella bronchiseptica
  • Glassers disease
  • Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia
  • Pasteurella multocida
  • Mycoplasma hyopneumonia (EP) / hyorrhinis
  • PRRSV
  • Porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV)
  • Influenza
  • PMWS?/PCVAD
  • (Aujeszky’s disease (pig herpesvirus 1))
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15
Q

Name 6 significant respiratory diseases in non-immune adult pigs

A
  • Glassers disease
  • Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
  • Pasteurellosis
  • Enzootic pneumonia
  • PRRSV
  • Influenza
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16
Q

What is PMWS?

A

an old name for PCV-2 related disease

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17
Q

What is the commonest cause of sudden death in adult pigs?

A

Pasteurellosis (aslo common are influenza and PRRSV)

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18
Q

PME appearance of Pasteurellosis

A
  • consolidation of lung next to spongy lung

- typically consolidation in caudal lung lobes (90% O2 exchange occurs here) so pigs present with dyspnoea

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19
Q

What does Mycoplasma damage?

A

mucociliary clearance

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20
Q

Define FCE

A

Feed conversion efficiency

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21
Q

What respiratory problems do bacteria cause?

A

URT problems and pneumonia

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22
Q

What does Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae cause?

A

‘enzootic pneumonia’ in pigs. Great economic importance as 30-80% pigs have lesions at slaughter

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23
Q

How is M.hyopneumoniae spread? 2

A
  • carrier animals

- aerosol (2 miles)

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24
Q

Dx - M. hyopneumoniae - 5

A
  • CS
  • lung lesions at slaughter
  • culture/PCR
  • histology
  • serology
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25
What is APP?
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
26
Outline A.pleuropneumoniae infection
- 12 capsular subtypes but cross reactions occur - explosive outbreaks of pneumonia - high morbidity and mortality - seroconversion with few CS - infarcts known as 'gunshot wounds'. Lesions can occur very quickly
27
APP - clinical signs
- acute fatal resp disease - fibrinous pleuritis - firm lung infarcts (lesions largely produced by the toxins)
28
APP - diagnosis - 4
- CS - Culture, PCR - Lung lesions - Serology
29
Epidemiology - APP - 4
- Direct contact - Movement - Survives in water /mucous - Serotypes vary with country (2,8,3,6.7 in UK)
30
What causes atrophic rhinitis?
Toxigenic Pasteurella multocida in association with Bordatella bronchiseptica
31
Pathogenicity - Atrophic rhinitics
- Colonisation of nasal mucosa by BS with production of cytotoxin - PM damages osteoblasts and enhances osteoclast activity --> turbinate damage
32
Where is atrophic rhinitis prevalent currently?
Scotland
33
How is atrophic rhinitis scored?
Score 1-5 (5 most severe)
34
What causes Glasser's disease?
Haemophilus parasuis | Causes polyserositis
35
What causes Aujeszky's disease?
Swine herpesvirus type 1 (SHV1) | - Notifiable and not present in UK (present in NI)
36
Outline the clinical presentation of Aujeszky's disease.
AGE AND STRAIN SPECIFIC: - can cause necrotic rhinitis - < 4weeks: neuro, mortality <15% - ADULT: few clinical signs, abortion adn mummification, URT coughing, rare neurological signs
37
What happens if Aujeszky's disease is detected?
Slaughter policy in UK. | Targeted vaccination in NI, Ireland and Spain.
38
Other than pigs, what might die of Aujeszky's disease?
Cats because they are a dead end host.
39
What is SIV?
Swine Influenza Virus (similar CS to humans)
40
CS - SIV
Similar to humans - pyrexia - lethargy - prostrate - skin erythema - anorexia - severe cough and sneeze - dyspnoea - conjunctivitis - recover equally rapidly - abortion
41
SIV - diagnosis
- CS - Serology - Virus isolation - Lung lesions (clear demarcation of lesions in cranial and middle lobes, interstitial pneumonia, fibrinous lesions with consolidation of the whole lung)
42
What is PRRS virus?
An Arterivirus ssRNA High mutation rate (new strains possible even in vaccinated herds)
43
Pathogenesis - PRRS
Virus replicates in and destroys macrophages and endothelial cells --> vasculitis.
44
CS - PRRS
- weaned pigs - tachypnoea - thumping - eyelid oedema - conjunctivitis - respiratory (acute outbreak) - abortion - stillbirth
45
PRRS - diagnosis - 4
- CS - gross pathology (moderate to severe interstitial pneumonia) - virus isolation - serology
46
Control methods - PRRS - 4
VACCINATION: •MLV (avoid in pregnant) •Killed (breeders) • Use in breeders and growers. Before breeding. STABILISE INFECTION: • Expose gilts / vaccinate prior to breeding. • Stream grower pigs in separate airspaces. ERADICATION • Stabilise sow/gilt infection and then depopulate all exc sows. Wean off-site to rest buildings for period. DEPOP-REPOP • Infection transmits up to 3km • Purchase uninfected stock and quarantine / test at isolation. • Purchase uninfected semen.
47
What is PMWS associated with?
- PCV-2. - Immunosuppressive - 90% UK pigs seropositive - Involved in many disease syndromes
48
PMWS - PME findings
- pneumonia - fibrin - pericarditis - little normal tissues - abscess - interlobular oedema
49
Define PRCV
Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus
50
CS - PRCV
COUGH - in gowers and finishers (endemic), across all age groups (epizootic) - NOT USUALLY A SIGNIFICANT PROBLEM but contributes to multifactorial pneumonia, indicates biosecurity issue
51
Define PEDV
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhoea Virus (major worry in the pig industry currently)
52
Name 2 respiratory parasites in pigs
- Metastrongylus (earthworm is IH) | - Ascaris suum (larval migration through lungs)
53
What are the most important aspects of control, prevention and eradication of porcine respiratory diseases?
- biosecurity - medication - vaccination - early weaning - depop-repop - quarantine
54
By what routes can drugs be given to pigs?
- in face of an outbreak - routine/pulse - in feed/water - individual animal
55
Outline vaccination for porcine respiratory disease
- dams to confer immunity to young pigs (AR) - young/weaner pigs (M.hyo) - in quarantine and before entry to the herd
56
Outline full depopulation
- remove all pigs excluding lactating sows (medicate these) - wean to offsite location for 12 week period - rest and disinfect weaner and grower accomodation
57
What might you see in iron deficiency anaemia?
young pigs, pale, high RR, fail to maintain body temperature, thin watery blood.
58
What disease do UK pig farmers currently worry about?
ASF (currently in Poland and heading west, last UK outbreak was 2000, spread by contaminated pork products).
59
What heart condition does vitamin E deficiency cause in pigs?
Mulberry heart (pinpricks of lines? laid down outside of the heart)
60
What heart condition does erysipelas cause in pigs?
bacterial endocarditis
61
What are the 2 commonest vaccines on UK pig farms?
Mycoplasma and PCV2
62
Define total depopulation
Get rid of whole herd in an effort to control/stop disease. This is not possible if there is another pig farm within a 5 mile radius.
63
List the fat soluble vitamins
ADEK. N.b. pigs have quite a high vitamin E need.
64
What lesions does erysipelas cause acutely
diamond lesion. Seed to heart causing endocardutus.
Respiratory
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