Respiratory Diseases Flashcards
Strep throat and scarlet fever (scarlatina) are both caused by which gram positive bacteria?
Streptococcus pyogenes
Typical pneumococcal pneumonia, pneumococcal meningitis, sinusitis, and otitis media are all caused by which Gram positive bacteria?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Epiglottitis, sinusitis, otitis media, and hib meningitis are all caused by this Gram negative bacillus:
Haemophilus influenzae
Corynebacterium diptheriae causes which disease?
Diphtheria
The common cold is caused by which two types of viruses?
1.) Rhinoviruses
2.) Coronaviruses
Typical pneumonia is caused by which 4 pathogens?
1.) Streptococcus pneumoniae
2.) Klebsiella pneumoniae
3.) Staphylococcus aureus
4.) Moraxella catarrhalis
Atypical “Walking” pneumonia is caused by which organism?
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Atypical ventilator-associated pneumonia is caused by which organism?
Acinetobacter baumannii
Parrot Fever, also known as ornithosis or psittacosis is caused by which pathogen?
Chlamydia psittaci
Legionnaire’s Disease is caused by which organism?
Legionella pneumophila
Tuberculosis is caused by which organism?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Anthrax is caused by which organism?
Bacillus anthracis
Influenza (The flu) is caused by which organism?
Influenza virus
Croup is caused by which organism
Parainfluenza virus
Respiratory syncytial virus [RSV] causes which disease?
Bronchiolitis pneumonia
Hantavirus causes which disease?
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) is caused by:
Coronavirus
Middle East respiratory syndrome is caused by which pathogen?
Coronavirus
Mumps virus causes which disease?
Mumps
Measles virus causes which disease?
Rubeola measles (commonly called “measles”)
Rubella, also known as German measles, is caused by:
Rubella virus
The disease Roseola infantun is caused by which pathogen:
Roseola virus
Fifth disease is caused by which pathogen?
Human parvovirus
Varicella zoster virus causes which diseases? (2)
1.) Chicken pox
2.) Shingles
Variola virus causes which disease?
Smallpox
Mpox, or monkey pox, is caused by which pathogen
Mpox virus
Mononucleosis is caused by which pathogen
Epstein barr virus
Coxsackievirus causes which disease?
Hand-foot-mouth disease
Small red bumps on the neck and tongue, sandpaper rash, and strawberry tongue indicate this disease?
Which organism causes it?
Scarlet fever
Streptococcus pyogenes
Severe sore throat with white exudate seen on the tonsils is which disease?
Which organism causes it?
Strep throat
Streptococcus pyogenes
When streptococcus pyogenes spreads into the blood stream and causes septicemia, this is referred to as:
Toxic shock syndrome
Whooping cough is caused by which organism?
Bordetella pertussis
This bacteria is only harmful to humans if it, itself, is infected by a bacteriophage virus?
How?
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
How? The bacteriophage virus in the corynebacterium causes the bacteria to produce harmful exotoxins.
Tough, gray, swollen lymph nodes giving an individual a “bull neck” appearance indicate which disease?
Diphtheria
This respiratory disease occurs in humans who inhale dust containing the contaminated feces of decorative imported birds:
Which organism causes it?
Disease: Parrot fever
Organism: Chlamydia psittaci
Sudden onset of weakness, high fever, and bloody sputum occurring in individuals who use water-cooled air conditioners, misters, and/or spa pools indicates which disease?
Legionnaire’s disease
A milder form of legionnaire’s disease is called:
Pontiac fever
This disease causes uncontrollable fits of violent coughing, called paroxysms, which can even cause individuals to cough so hard they break a rib or they burst blood vessels in their eye.
Whooping cough [Pertussis]
This bacteria produces an exotoxin that paralyzes the cilia in your respiratory system, preventing mucus from being coughed out.
Bordetella pertussis
[Causes Pertussis, AKA whooping cough, AKA 100 day cough]
Fits of coughing from this disease usually end in prolonged, high-pitched, deeply indrawn breaths that make a “whoop” sound.
Which organism causes this disease?
Whooping cough
Organism: Bordetella pertussis
This one toxoid vaccine prevents diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis.
DTP
Inhaling this endospore-forming bacteria can trigger fever, and a widened mediastinum (chest).
It causes which disease?
Bacillus anthracis
Disease: Anthrax
The antibiotic of choice to treat anthrax is:
Cipro
Influenza (type A or B?) is transmitted from animals to humans.
Influenza (type A or B?) is only found in humans.
Influenza type A: animal to human
Influenza type B: only humans
This organism is able to form biofilms, which allows it to survive on artificial surfaces for an extended period of time. This is one reason it persists in the hospital environment:
Acinetobacter baumannii
This virus is composed of 8 separate pieces of RNA, which allows it to undergo genetic recombination and form new strands, resulting in frequent epidemics.
Influenza virus
Antivirals like Tamiflu and Relenza can shorten the duration of the flu, as long as they are taken during the first _______ (how many?) days of sickness.
Two days
Vaccines for the flu include an inhaled, attenuated vaccine called __________, and an injected, inactivated vaccine called ___________.
Inhaled: Flumist
Injected: Fluzone
This disease causes the airway to narrow below the vocal cords, causing a “barking” cough.
Which pathogen causes this disease?
Croup
Pathogen: Parainfluenza virus
Symptoms of croup are worse when mucus accumulates, which typically occurrs during which time of the day?
Night
[Croup is usually worse at night.]
This pathogen is the MOST common cause of sinusitis and middle ear infection (otitis media) in children:
Streptococcus pneumoniae
This gram negative bacteria causes typical pneumonia, specifically causing the sputum to appear as “red currant jelly.” It is more common in smokers and alcoholics.
Klebsiella pneumoniae
The gram negative bacteria, Haemophilus influenzae (does or does not?) cause influenza.
DOES NOT!
[The flu is caused by a virus… the influenza virus]
This gram negative bacteria causes epiglottitis and otitis media (middle ear infection). It needs a growth factor found in human red blood cells to survive. Its name even means “blood loving”.
Haemophilus influenzae
The encapsulated version of this bacteria causes an infection of the CNS meninges known as hib meningitis.
Haemophilus influenzae TYPE B
Mycoplasma pneumoniae causes “walking” pneumonia. Why is it not treated with beta lactam antibiotics like penicillins and cephalosporins?
Because it lacks a cell wall.
[Beta lactam antibiotics destroy bacteria by affecting cell wall synthesis.]
Atypical, or “Walking” pneumonia, is usually seen in which age group?
School-age children and teens
The gram negative bacteria, Yersinia pestis, causes which respiratory disease?
Pneumonic plague
This acid-fast bacteria is especially pathogenic because it can resist the digestive lysosomes in human white blood cells.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
This bacteria is one of the top ten causes of death worldwide. Once coughed from a patient’s lungs, it can survive in the air for up to 8 months.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis organisms are phagocytized by human WBCs, but are not destroyed. Instead, they remain in the lung tissue in pockets called _____________ consisting of dense collections of WBCs.
Tubercles
When the walled-off mycobacterium tuberculosis inside the tubercles escape, causing a hypersensitivity reaction by the body’s immune system that results in mass amounts of tissue damage, this is referred to as (primary or secondary?) tuberculosis infection.
Secondary infection
When a mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria first enters the lung tissue, it is eaten by phagocytes, and an ensuing hypersensitivity reaction causes white blood cells to “pile up” and “wall-off” the pathogen in a nodule called a tubercle, this is known as a (primary or secondary?) tuberculosis infection.
Primary infection
When mycobacterium tuberculosis organsims escape lung tissue entirely, and enter into the blood, lymphatic system, genitourinary, and nervous tissue, this is referred to as:
Extrapulmonary tuberculosis
This common diagnostic test involves the injection of a specific antigen just under the skin, to observe for a raised bump, which indicates the individual has been exposed to which pathogen?
What is the name of this test?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Test name: Tuberculosis skin test
This vaccine, though not administered in the U.S., is given to protect against tuberculosis.
BCG vaccine
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome [MERS] is more prevalent in (males or females?)
Why?
Males
This respiratory disease remains prevalent in the Middle East, where many females have their mouth and nose covered.
This virus causes salivary glands to become infected and swollen, causing pain and fever:
Mumps
The MMR vaccines provides protection against which three viruses?
• Measles [Rubeola measles]
• Mumps
• Rubella [German measles]
If the mumps virus escapes the salivary glands and becomes systemic, it tends to infect which two areas of the body, causing sterility?
1.) Testes
2.) Ovaries
The measles spread through the body by hijacking this human immune cell, that is uses as a “Trojan horse” to spread systemically.
Dendritic cells
A deficiency in this vitamin is considered a risk factor for getting rubeola measles, also known simply as, the measles:
Vitamin A deficiency
Cough, coryza (runny nose), and conjunctivitis (pink eye) are all symptoms of this highly contagious virus:
[The 3 C’s]
Measles virus
This virus causes a maculopapular rash that first appears on the face, and then spreads to the body and extremities. It also coincides with red spots in the mouth called Koplik spots, that have blue specks.
Measles virus
This virus causes very high fever in infants (103 to 106 degrees) for 1 or 2 days, with a rash appearing just as the fever subsides:
The Disease this virus triggers is called:
Roseola infantum
Disease: Roseola infantum
The rash from this viral disease is characterized by numerous pale pink almond-shaped macules that appear on the trunk and neck:
Roseola infantum
This disease was originally thought to be a milder form of measles. The rash is similar to a classic measles rash, however the characteristic spots are not as intensely red:
Rubella [German measles]
It is important for females to receive the MMR vaccine before trying to get pregnant, because This virus, if acquired by the mother, can be teratogenic, meaning it can cause birth defects in her offspring:
Rubella [German measles]
A baby born with birth defects such as deafness, heart defects, brain damage, and/or cataracts, likely has a mother who was infected at one point with which respiratory virus?
Rubella virus
A mother infected with German measles, also known as Rubella, can bear a child who has multiple blue and purple nodules on the skin. This teratogenic (birth defect) effect is known as:
Blueberry muffin syndrome
A red facial rash typically appearing on the cheeks of small children, called “slapped-cheek rash”, is caused by which virus?
This virus causes which disease?
Human parvovirus
Fifth’s disease
Why is it important for females of child bearing age to be vaccinated against human parvovirus (2 reasons)
1.) Infected mother could bear a child with severe anemia
2.) Infected mother could have a misscairage
Infected children with clear, fluid-filled blisters that appear in batches, lasting for 2-4 days, is characteristic of which disease?
What virus causes this disease?
Chicken pox
Virus: Varicella zoster
Chicken pox can establish in the human nervous system as a latent virus, and reactivate in adulthood, causes a disease known as:
Shingles
The attenuated vaccine that provides protection against chicken pox is called:
Varivax
“Lightning bolt” pain that is followed by a unilateral rash appearing on the same side as the pain is characteristic of this disease:
What vaccine provides protection against this disease?
Shingles
Vaccine: Zostavax
This passive immunization immune globulin greatly decreases the severity of chicken pox.
VZIG
This disease is characterized by dimpled, “belly button” pox that first appear on the hands and feet, but eventually results in permanent deep-pitted scars on the face:
Which virus causes this disease?
Smallpox
Virus: Variola virus
The smallpox vaccine is also used to provide protection against this disease, which appears typically as a milder form of smallpox:
MPOX
This virus causes extreme fatigue, swollen cervical lymph nodes, and an enlarged spleen and liver. Symptoms can last 4-6 weeks:
The disease caused by this virus is known as:
Epstein Barr virus
Disease: Mononucleosis
This respiratory virus can cause cancer involving the B cells of the human immune system:
What cancer is caused by this virus?
Epstein Barr virus
Cancer: Burkitt’s lymphoma
This respiratory virus causes a rash on the extremities, as well as the oral mucosa of the cheeks and gums, and sides of tongue, usually causing the infected individual to avoid eating. It occurs in children under ten, and symptoms last 7-10 days:
What disease is caused by this virus?
Cocksackie virus
Disease: Hand-foot-mouth disease
This respiratory disease is the most common cause of death in infants under 6 months of age:
Which pathogen causes this disease?
Bronchiolitis pneumonia
Pathogen: Respiratory syncytial virus [RSV]
This virus typically affects infants under 6 months old. It causes rapid breathing and wheezing during expiration:
The disease associated with this virus is called:
Respiratory syncytial virus [RSV]
Disease: Bronchiolitis pneumonia
RSV causes the cell membranes of respiratory tissues to fuse into large abnormal cells with multiple nuclei, called _______________.
Syncytia
[Hence the name: respiratory SYNCYTIAL virus]
One of these two medications are routinely given to premature babies as passive immunization to prevent Bronchiolitis pneumonia from RSV:
1.) Respigam
2.) Synagis
This disease causes capillaries in the lungs to leak out and fill the air spaces, causing catastrophic lung failure. 70% of patients die within 5 to 6 days.
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome
The demographic most at risk for hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is:
Native American Indians in the American southwest
This virus causes fever, fatigue, dry cough, and loss of sense of taste and smell:
What is the name of the disease that this causes?
Coronavirus
Disease: SARS Cov-2
This bacteria was referred to as “Iraquibacter” due to its sudden emergence in military medical facilities during the Iraq war:
Which disease does it cause?
Acinetobacter baumannii
Disease: Atypical ventilator-associated pneumonia
