Digestive Diseases Flashcards
Dental caries (cavities) are typically caused by these 4 bacterial organisms:
1.) Streptococcus mutans
2.) Streptococcus sanguinis
3.) Treponema denticola
4.) Lactobacillus acidophilus
Gingivitis and Periodontal disease are most often caused by which two bacterial organisms?
1.) Treponema denticola
2.) Porphyromonas gingivalis
Campylobacteriosis is a foodborne infection caused by which organism?
Campylobacter jejuni
Shigellosis, a gastrointestinal infection commonly known as Bacillary Dysentery, is most often caused by this gram negative bacillus:
Shigella dysenteriae
Typhoid fever is caused by which bacteria?
Salmonella typhi
Salmonellosis is a gastrointestinal infection caused by which bacteria?
Salmonella enterica
Traveler’s diarrhea, also known as “Montezuma’s revenge” is caused by this gram negative bacillus:
Escherichia coli
[E. Coli]
Hemolytic uremic syndrome [HUS] is caused by which bacteria?
Escherichia coli
[E. Coli]
Peptic ulcers are caused by which gram negative bacillus?
Helicobacter pylori [H. pylori]
Cholera, also known as the “Blue death” is caused by:
Vibrio cholerae
Listeriosis is caused by which gram positive bacillus?
Listeria monocytogenes
Infant botulism is an infection caused by which gram positive bacillus?
Clostridium botulinum
Gastrointestinal anthrax is caused by which bacteria?
Bacillus anthracis
Pseudomembranous colitis, commonly known as C. diff diarrhea, is caused by which gram positive bacteria?
Clostridioides difficile
Staphylococcus aureus causes this foodborne intoxication:
Staph aureus Gastroenteritis
Bacillus cerus causes this foodborne intoxication:
Bacillus cerus Gastroenteritis [AKA Fried Rice Syndrome]
Clostridium botulinum causes this food-borne intoxication:
Botulism
Viral gastroenteritis is caused primarily by which two pathogens?
1.) Rotavirus
2.) Norovirus
Hepatitis A and E (are or are not?) food borne.
Hepatitis B and C (are or are not?) food borne.
Hepatitis A and E ARE food borne.
Hepatitis B and C are NOT food borne.
This bacteria has long hairlike extensions called pilli, which it uses to adhere to tooth enamel and cause dental decay:
Streptococcus mutans
Pathogenic bacteria of the mouth produce a glucan “mesh” from sucrose (sugar), which help their pilli adhere to the host’s teeth enamel. The bacteria, combined with their glucan mesh, and other debris of the mouth, constitute a sticky film that is commonly known as:
Dental plaque
A lack of fluoride, along with over consumption of sugar, can lead to this common pathology of the mouth:
Dental caries [cavities]
The leading cause of tooth loss in adults is:
Gingivitis
Describe how untreated gingivitis causes heart disease.
Bacteria of the gums gets into the bloodstream. Then, these invaders bind to and infect the walls of the coronary arteries of the heart.
This infection of the digestive tract lasts about 7 days. It is characterized by fever, abdominal pain, and frequent episodes of bloody diarrhea. It is typically acquired by consuming contaminated milk.
Disease: Campylobacteriosis
Around 1 in every 1000 cases of infections by Campylobacter jejuni trigger the host’s immune system to attack its own nervous tissue, resulting in this unfortunate complication of campylobacteriosis:
Guillain-Barré syndrome
[can result in paralysis]
Is Campylobacterios a true infection or a food-borne intoxication?
True infection
This infection of the digestive tract is characterized by streaks of bloody stool with strings of mucus containing many neutrophils. (Answer)
The bacteria that most commonly causes this infection is: (Answer)
Shigellosis
[Bacillary Dysentery]
Bacteria:
Shigella dysenteriae
This gram negative bacillus enters the cytoplasm of host colon cells, whereby the invader causes the colon cells to lyse. This produces small patchy areas of inflammation in the host’s bowel known as micro abscesses.
Shigella dysenteriae
Is Shigellosis a true infection or a food-borne intoxication?
True infection
This infection is characterized by high fever (>104), a rose spot rash on the trunk, delirium, and “pea soup” diarrhea. A white tongue is even seen in some instances. (Answer)
What bacteria causes this disease? (Answer)
Typhoid fever
Salmonella typhi
[AKA Salmonella enterica stereotype typhi]
How is Typhoid fever typically transmitted?
Fecal oral route between humans
Which antibiotic is the drug of choice to treat typhoid fever. It is used as a last option because of toxic side effects that cause anemia.
Antibiotic: Chloramphenicol
Is Typhoid fever a true infection or a food-borne intoxication?
True infection
This gram negative bacteria causes abdominal cramps, fever, and diarrhea that can lead to severe dehydration. It can be acquired by consuming contaminated foods like raw eggs (cookie dough), raw vegetables, and raw poultry. In fact, an estimated 1 in 4 chickens is said to be infected with this bacteria. (Answer)
Consuming this organism causes which illness? (Answer)
Salmonella enterica
Illness: Salmonellosis
Transmission of this bacteria can occur from reptiles, farm animals, and pets like turtles.
Salmonella enterica
Is Salmonellosis is a true infection or a food-borne intoxication.
True infection
This bacteria is the most abundant anaerobic bacteria in the large intestine of humans. Most strains are harmless, but some can be pathogenic:
Escherichia coli
[E. Coli]
The pathogenic strains of this gram negative bacteria cause 4 to 5 loose watery stools per day, significantly depleting the host of electrolytes. Typically contracted by ingesting contaminated food and water in underdeveloped areas of the world: (Answer)
The disease that is caused by this bacteria is: (Answer)
E. Coli
Disease: Traveler’s diarrhea [Montezuma’s revenge]
Name two reasons why antibiotics are not recommended to treat gastrointestinal E. coli infections: (2 Answers)
What is recommended instead? (Answer)
1.) It can lead to drug-resistant strains
2.) It can increase the risk of developing Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
Recommended: Bring antidiarrheal medicine if traveling to developing countries (use it if you develop symptoms).
Is Traveler’s Diarrhea, the diseased caused by E. Coli, a true infection or a food-borne intoxication?
True infection
The human immune system can react to certain bacterial toxins that are released by E. coli. This causes the immune system it to attack the host’s blood platelets. This in turn, causes a build up of platelets and Red blood cell debris, which filters to the kidneys, causing damage. What is this disease called? (Answer)
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome [HUS]
In addition to abdominal pain, this disease is characterized by bloody diarrhea, pale skin, bruising, and a decrease in urine output. Sometimes the urine is bloody. (Answer)
What organism causes this disease? (Answer)
Hemolytic uremic syndrome
Organism: E. coli
This flagellated bacteria produces an enzyme that converts urea to ammonia, which raises the pH of the stomach, allowing the bacterium to survive stomach acids: (Answer)
The disease this bacteria causes is: (Answer)
Helicobacter pylori
Disease: Peptic ulcer disease
Would the treatment for peptic ulcer disease be to prescribe antibiotics, or to recommend a change of lifestyle (i.e. reduce stress, change diet)?
Antibiotics
[Peptic ulcer disease is NOT treated by modifying lifestyle]
People with type O blood are more susceptible to which infection of the stomach?
Peptic ulcer disease
A diagnostic test for this bacteria involves having a patient swallow a capsule containing a small amount of radioactive urea. If the pathogen in question is present in the patient’s stomach, it will convert this urea into radioactive ammonia and carbon dioxide. The radioactive carbon dioxide will then be exhaled by the patient, and the patient’s breath can be tested. Which species of bacteria does a positive result on this test indicate?
Helicobacter pylori
[Peptic ulcer disease]
H. Pylori, the bacteria that causes peptic ulcer disease, is a true infection or a food-borne intoxication?
True infection
Infection from this bacteria causes pale blue wrinkled skin, “rice water” stools, and diarrhea that causes the individual to lose as much as a liter of volume an hour. In fact, an infected person can die in one day. (Answer)
The disease this organism causes is: (Answer)
Vibrio cholerae
Disease: Cholera
[Blue death]
Vibrio cholerae is transmitted primarily through (Answer)
Which two vaccines provide protection against this bacteria?
Contaminated water
Vaccines
1.) Dukarol
2.) Shanchol
Is cholera a true infection or a food-borne intoxication?
True infection
Once in the digestive tract, this bacterium produces an exotoxin that causes the epithelial lining to secrete large quantities of sodium and chloride ions into the intestines, which pulls water with it, and eventually out of the body as watery diarrhea.
Vibrio cholerae
This bacteria causes a gastrointestinal infection in humans. It can multiply in cold temperatures, and even survive freezing temperatures. It can be found in contaminated soft cheeses and ready-to-eat meats like hot dogs and lunch meat. (Answer)
The disease this bacteria causes is: (Answer)
Listeria monocytogenes
Disease: Listeriosis
This gastrointestinal bacteria May infection can be especially dangerous for pregnant mothers, as it is teratogenic, and can lead to birth defects and even still birth.
Listeria monocytogenes
This bacteria is the leading cause of infection in kidney transplants.
Listeria monocytogenes
The disease Listeriosis is a true infection or food-borne intoxication:
True infection
This infection (disease) occurs when raw honey is fed to babies:
Infant botulism
When infants become lethargic and loose the inability to suck, they develop what is known as “floppy baby syndrome” which is manifested as a result of which bacterial organism?
Clostridium botulinum
Infant botulism is a true infection or a food-borne intoxication?
True infection
[Do not confuse: Classic botulism that adults acquire is a food-borne intoxication]
(Equine or Human?) botulism immunoglobulin [BIG] is given as the antitoxin for infant botulism.
HUMAN botulism immunoglobulin
[Human BIG]
To avoid infant botulism, people should not feed raw honey to a child younger than:
12 months old
This gastrointestinal disease is characterized by sore swollen neck, difficulty swallowing, loss of appetite, and lesions that extend throughout the GI tract, from the oral cavity, to the cecum of the large intestine:
Gastrointestinal anthrax
What is the best way to prevent gastrointestinal anthrax?
Routinely vaccinating livestock for Bacillus anthracis so that infected animals are not cooked and eaten as food.
This disease is characterized by a sickly sweet smelling yellow green diarrhea.
C. diff Diarrhea [Pseudomembranous colitis]
This disease is a common iatrogenic GI tract infection that occurs when antibiotics like clindamycin kill off the normal flora of the gut, allowing the more pathogenic species to multiply. (Answer)
Which organism causes this disease? (Answer)
Pseudomembranous colitis
[C. diff diarrhea]
Organism: Clostridioides difficile
Name two antibiotics that can be used to treat Pseudomembranous colitis:
In addition to probiotics, what other non-pharmacological treatment can be done to treat C. diff diarrhea? (Answer)
1.) Vancomycin
2.) Metronidazole
Non-pharm:
fecal transplant!
Pseudomembranous colitis, also known as C. diff Diarrhea, is a true infection or a food-borne intoxication?
True infection
Name 4 digestive system diseases that are a result of food-borne intoxication:
1.) Staph aureus Gastroenteritis
2.) Bacillus cerus Gastroenteritis
3.) Clostridium perfringins Gastroenteritis
4.) Botulism
This foodborne intoxication causes significant vomiting and diarrhea within 2 to 6 hours of ingesting contaminated food. Infected patients say they are “running at both ends.”
Staph aureus Gastroenteritis
This food-borne intoxication occurs typically at picnics and social gatherings. Because the causative agent is a part of the normal flora of the skin, it is typically transmitted from the person preparing it.
Staph aureus Gastroenteritis
This food-borne intoxication is the most frequently reported food poisoning in the USA:
Staph aureus Gastroenteritis
Staph aureus Gastroenteritis is a true infection or a food-borne intoxication?
Food-borne intoxication
This food-borne intoxication occurs when food is left out unrefrigerated after cooking. The onset of symptoms is 6-15 hours and the symptoms of nausea and diarrhea are usually mild and brief.
Bacillus cereus Gastroenteritis
[Fried rice syndrome]
Symptoms of this food-borne intoxication begin to occur between 8-16 hours, and they usually include diarrhea, but typically NO fever or nausea. Occurs at large gatherings like prisons, nursing homes, and catered events.
Clostridium perfringens Gastroenteritis
Bacillus cereus Gastroenteritis is a true infection or a food-borne intoxication?
Food-borne intoxication
Clostridium perfringens Gastroenteritis is a true infection or a food-borne intoxication?
Food-borne intoxication
Often called the “stomach flu”, this virus the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis in infants and children:
Rotavirus
These two vaccines can be given to provide protection against rotavirus:
1.) Rotarix
2.) Rotateq
The viral capsids of this common gastrointestinal infection look like little wheels:
Rotavirus
Rotavirus and Norovirus occur commonly during which time of year?
The winter months
Symptoms of Norovirus last 1-3 days with the predominate symptom being:
Vomiting
Recovery from Norovirus (does or does not) confer future immunity to the pathogen.
Does NOT confer immunity
[And there is no vaccine for Norovirus]
(Rotavirus or Norovirus) typically affects older children and adults more so than infants and pre-school age children.
Norovirus
In infants, a patient displaying fever, vomiting, watery diarrhea, and signs of dehydration such as sunken eyes and fontanels (the space between cranial bones), and an absence of tears, are all signs of this digestive system infection.
Rotavirus Gastroenteritis
This viral infection is typically acquired by eating contaminated food like shellfish. In addition to fever, nausea, and abdominal pain, it can cause jaundice, pale stools, and dark urine. Usually self limiting, meaning, it resolves on its own without the need for medical intervention.
Hepatitis A
This viral infection is typically acquired by drinking water contaminated with feces. It occurs in areas where there are low standards of sanitation, and it is characterized by fever, abdominal pain, nausea, jaundice, pale stool, and dark urine. Usually self limiting, meaning there is not typically a need for medical intervention.
Hepatitis E
This inactivated vaccine can provide protection against the hepatitis A virus:
Harvix
This version of food-borne hepatitis is typically seen in Southeast Asia, North and West Africa, and in Mexico, particularly in poor areas where fecal contamination of water is common:
Hepatitis E
This antiviral can be given to help an individual recover from Hepatitis E:
Ribavirin
Why are antibiotics not given to treat Salmonellosis?
Because treating infected individuals can cause them to become chronic carriers if drug-resistant organisms develop.
