Respiratory disease

Question 1

what controls breathing?

Answer 1

brainstem

Question 2

what is orthopnoea a sign of?

Answer 2

LHS heart failure

Question 3

what is a wheeze and what is it a sign of?

Answer 3

noise on breathing out

asthma

Question 4

what is stridor and what is it a sign of?

Answer 4

noise on breathing in

severe resp disease/cancers

Question 5

3 causes of clubbing fingers?

Answer 5

1. respiratory (most common) - carcinoma, fibrosis, bronchiectasis
2. cardiac (rare)
3. gastrointestinal (rare) - hepatic cirrhosis, crohns, coeliac

Question 6

what is horners syndrome?

Answer 6

meiosis, ptosis, anhidrosis

may be cause by neck cancer

loss of sympathetic nerve supply to one side of face

Question 7

what is chronic bronchitis?

Answer 7

chronic or recurrent excessive mucous secretion in bronchial tree

Question 8

what is emphysema?

Answer 8

increase in size of air spaces

alveoli air sacs damaged

Question 9

what is FEV1?

Answer 9

FEV/FVC

FEV = forces expiratory volume 1 sec
FVC = forced vital capacity - complete

Question 10

what is FEV1 in COPD?

Answer 10

<0.7

Question 11

what is cor pulmonnale

Answer 11

enlargement of RHS of heart due to disease of lungs

Question 12

what value of PaO2 means resp failure?

Answer 12

<8kp

Question 13

what is type 1 and typ2 resp failure

Answer 13

type 1 = problem with lung + perfusion

type 2 = problem with heart + ventilation

Question 14

what is the problem with giving uncontrolled o2?

Answer 14

can lead to resp failure
no hypoxia so breathing rate decreases
build up of co2

aim 88-92% oxygen sat

Question 15

in a choking patient who is unconscious when should a finger sweep be done?

Answer 15

only adult - if can see foreign body

Question 16

where is inhaled foreign body most likely to end up?

Answer 16

Right lung

Question 17

what is preferred method of opening someones airway if blocked in an acute situation?

Answer 17

need cricothyroidotomy NOT tracheostomy

Question 18

what cells of epithelium produce mucous in asthma?

Answer 18

goblet cells

Question 19

4 pathophysiologies of astham

Answer 19

1. smooth muscle abnormalities
2. airway inflammation
3. airflow obstruction
4. variable airflow obstruction

Question 20

what is the FEV1 in someone with asthma?

Answer 20

<0.7

Question 21

how does cortisol affect asthma?

Answer 21

diurnal rhythm

may feel worse in morning + evening

Question 22

what are blue inhalers?

Answer 22

bronchodilators

e.g. salbutamol - beta adrenergic agonist

Question 23

what are brown inhalers?

Answer 23

anti-inflammatory agents

e.g. corticoid steroids

Question 24

examples of bronchodialting therapies for asthma

Answer 24

1. beta adrenergic agosnits
2. anticholinergics
3. theophylline - tablet
4. IV/IM magnesium infusion

Question 25

examples of anti-inflammatory therapies for asthma

Answer 25

1. corticosteroids
2. leukotriene antagonsits
3. anti IgE antibodies

Question 26

what nerve causes constriction of airways?

Answer 26

vagus nerve

Question 27

acute severe asthma 3 signs

Answer 27

1. inability to complete sentence in 1 breath
2. tachycardia >110
3. resp rate >25

Question 28

signs of life threatening asthma

Answer 28

1. resp <8 or cyanosis
2. bradycardia <50
3. exhaustion/confusion/decreased consiousness