respiratory disease Flashcards
define asthma
chronic inflammatory disease involving airway obstruction and bronchial hyper responsiveness to stimuli
how do we diagnose asthma
combination of signs and symptoms and PEF
what are some of the signs of asthma
wheeze that is bilateral polyphonic diffuse expiratory
what are the triggers of asthma
exercise viral infection NSAIDS beta blockers dust colophony latex
what are the symptoms of asthma
wheeze
tight chest
cough
shortness of breath
how do we manage asthma
a stepwise approach which increases in the use of corticosteroids and beta agonists
what are the types of asthma treatment
relievers
beta agnostic eg salbutamol
preventers
how does salbutamol work
binds to beta 2 receptor
upregulated cAMP
reduces calcium levels in the cell and will activate protein kinase A and this inactivates myosin kinase and monosin phosphatase
reducing this leads to relaxing smooth muscle airway
increasing lumen of the airway
what are the side effects of salbutamol
tremor
tachycardia
agitation
how do antimuscarinic drugs work
First line for COPD due to longer duration
1. Works by reducing the influence of acytl choline on bronchial smooth muscle 2. Promotes degraedation of cGMP 3. Affects CA2+ Levels (reduces) 4. decreases contractility of the smooth muscle 5. Inhibits bronchoconstriction 6. Also decreases mucous secretion
how do theophylline tablets work
- Relaxes smooth muscle in the bronchioles
- Phosphodiesterase inhibiter
- Which increases cAMP and activates protein kinase A
- Inhibits leukotriene synthesis and reduces inflammation
give examples of preventers
inhaled corticosteroids such as beclometasone
leukotriene
how dwhat are the side effects of inhalers
Oral candidiasis
Therefore rinse with water every time after using
Encourage good denture hygiene
Avoid advising NSAIDS in sensitive people ask if they are okay taking ibuprofen, be on the side of caution
Avoid macrolide antibiotics eg clindamycin and ciprofloxacin in patients taking theophylline
Avoid colophony in people with sensitive asthma
what are the risks with durophat varnish
has latex on the inside of it so DO NOT USE FOR LATEX ALLERGY
also has colophony so do not use
describe COPD
Chronic inflammatory disease of airways but is not fully reversible and progressively worsens
Including damaged airways by inflammation and fibrosis and narrowing of the airway
