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Y4- CMS > 1.CVD > Flashcards

1.CVD Flashcards

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Introductory Sommelier Exam (CMS) flashcards
1
Q

describe the structure of the heart

A

2 atria and 2 ventricles

the SA node is the pace maker and the AVN

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2
Q

what nerve fibres are in the heart

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibres

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3
Q

how do impulse travel down the heart

A

There is a slight delay between the impulses passing from the SAN to the AVN to allow the ventricles to fill with blood from the atria, the impulse passes down the bundle of His and then down the purkinye fibres to initiate heart contraction from the base of the apex upwards

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4
Q

describe p waves

A

depolarisation of the atria

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5
Q

describe P-R segment

A

times it takes for the electrical activity to move from atria to ventricle

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6
Q

describe QRS

A

ventricular depolarisation

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7
Q

describe ST segment

A

time between depolarisation and depolarisation

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8
Q

what is the equation for cardiac output

A

cardiac output= stroke volume x heart rate

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9
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of diastolic failure

A

atigue, breathlessness and general feeling of not being able to keep up with exercise, Peripheral oedema

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10
Q

what are the symptoms of left sided heart failure

A

pulmonary oedema

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11
Q

what are the common causes of heart failure

A 
atherscelorosis 
Hypertension 
faulty heart valves 
dilated cardiomyopathy 
arrhythmias
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12
Q

what are some common faulty heart valve diseases

A

congenital malformations
rheumatic fevers
calcification and stenosis

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13
Q

what can dilated cardiomyopathy be triggered by

A

drugs
alcohol
rec drugs such as cocaine

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14
Q

what is the tx of heart failure

A

Lifestyle changes: including exercise and resistance training, limiting alcohol or stopping completely, smoking cessation,
Patients with heart disease have chronic illness and are immunocompromised and therefore regular immunisations are needed to ensure patients are healthy

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15
Q

what are some pharmaceuticals for heart failure

A 
furosemide 
enalapril 
bisoprolol 
digoxin 
spironolactone 
losartan
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16
Q

what re some surgical techniques for heart failure

A

coronary artery bypass graft
heart valve replacement
implantable cardiac defibrillator

17
Q

describe peripheral arterial disease

A

affects the lower limbs and feet

18
Q

how does peripheral arterial disease start

A

muscle pain on exercise

19
Q

how does peripheral arterial disease advance

A

gangrene, ischaemic toes and can lead to amputation

20
Q

why might coronary artery disease

A

dyslipidaemia
hypertension
tobacco smoking
RA

21
Q

what is the clinical manifestation of coronary artery disease

A

stable angina

acute coronary syndrome

22
Q

what are the four determinants of BP

A

cardiac output
total peripheral resistance
circulating BV
blood viscosity

23
Q

what re some risk actors of high bP

A 
age 
obesity 
high salt 
afro carribean 
genetic predisposition
24
Q

what are some pharmacological risk factors for high bp

A 
cocaine use 
cyclosporin 
OCP 
Overuse of NSAIDS 
alcohol abuse 
corticosteroids 
stress
25
Q

what is the management of high bP

A

Ace inhibitors
B eta blockers
C album Chanel blockers
D diuretics

26
Q

what is infective endocarditis diagnosed by

A

duke criteria

27
Q

what is infective endocarditis

A

It is invasion of heart valves or heart chamber by a microbe eg bacteria or fungi

28
Q

high risk factors for developement

A

PROSTHETIC CARDIAC VALVE
prior episodes of endocarditis
complex congenital cardiac defects

29
Q

moderate risk factors for development of infective endocarditis

A 
Patent ductus arteriosus 
Septal defects 
Corarctation of the aorta 
Bicuspid aortic valve 
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 
Acquired valvular dysfunction
30
Q

how does bacteria get into the blood

A

any route of entrance- IVDU
wounds
strep viridans- from the mouth
strep aureus from the skin

31
Q

which bacteria can cause infective endocarditis

A 
→ Haemophilus
→ Aggregetibacter 
→ Cardiobacterium 
→ Eikenella 
Kingella
32
Q

what is the clinical FEATURES of IE

A 
fever 
consistent sign 
rapidly developing fever 
chills 
weakness
33
Q

what is the clinical presentation of IE

A

New heart murmer + fever= we assume infective endocarditis until proven otherwise

Patients can present with acute illness and the classic features of a new heart murmur and fever

May however present with sub acute insidious illness

34
Q

clinical manifestations of lesions breaking off

A

laneway lesions
osler nodes
Roth spots

FROM
JANE

35
Q

Tx of IE

A

IV antibiotics

penicillin

Y4- CMS (3 decks)

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