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CRRAB II > Respiratory development > Flashcards

Respiratory development Flashcards

1
Q

Laryngotracheal groove develops from what?

A

Ventral wall of primitive pharynx caudal to 4th pair of pharyngeal pouches.

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2
Q

What does the laryngotracheal groove deepen to form?

A

Respiratory diverticulum

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3
Q

What respiratory structures develop from the endoderm?

A

Epithelium, glands of larynx, trachea, bronchi, pulmonary epithelium

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4
Q

What respiratory structures develop from the splanchnic mesenchyme of foregut?

A

Connective tissue, cartilage, smooth muscle

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5
Q

Laryngeal cartilages develop from what?

A

Cartilages of 4th and 6th pharyngeal arches

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6
Q

What do the 4th and 6th pharyngeal arches develop from?

A

Mesenchyme derived from NEURAL CREST CELLS

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7
Q

What do laryngeal muscles develop from?

A

Myoblasts of 4th and 6th pairs of pharyngeal arches

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8
Q

What nerves innervate laryngeal muscles?

A 
Superior laryngeal (sensory above vocal cord) and recurrent laryngeal (sensory below and all motor)
Origin: vagus nerve
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9
Q

What gives rise to epiglottis?

A

Hypobranchial eminence

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10
Q

What is larynx epithelial lining derived from?

A

Endoderm

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11
Q

What is the trachea formed from?

A

Laryngotracheal tube distal to larynx

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12
Q

What parts of trachea are of endodermal origin?

A

Tracheal glands (develop from ingrowth of surface epithelium)

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13
Q

What parts of trachea are derived from splanchnic mesoderm?

A

Cartilage, connective tissue, muscles

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14
Q

Tracheoesophageal fistula

A

–Abnormal communication (fistula) between trachea and esophagus

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15
Q

What is the most common anomaly of lower respiratory tract?

A

Tracheoesophageal fistula

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16
Q

What is tracheoesophageal fistula commonly associated with?

A

Esophageal atresia

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17
Q

What is esophageal atresia?

A

Blind-ended esophagus

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18
Q

What causes tracheoesophageal fistula?

A

Abnormal partitioning between tracheoesophageal septum causing abnormal communication between trachea and esophagus

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19
Q

How can pneumonia or pneumonitis occur from tracheoesophageal fistula?

A

Food or gastric contents may enter lungs

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20
Q

How can polyhydramnios occur from tracheoesophageal fistula?

A

Amniotic fluid accumulates because amniotic fluid can’t pass to stomach and intestines for absorption and transfer via placenta to mother’s blood

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21
Q

How do bronchopulmonary segments develop?

A

Laryngotracheal groove–> respiratory diverticulum –> tracheal bud –> primary bronchial buds –> secondary bronchial buds –> segmental branches

22
Q

What do primary bronchial buds grow into?

A

Pericardioperitoneal canals

23
Q

What are epithelium and bronchial glands derived from?

A

Endoderm

24
Q

What parts of bronchi are derived from splanchnic mesoderm?

A

Cartilaginous plates, bronchial smooth muscle, connective tissue, pulmonary connective tissue and capillaries

25
Q

What is the visceral pleura derived from?

A

Splanchnic mesoderm

26
Q

What is the parietal pleura derived from?

A

Somatic mesoderm

27
Q

Azygous lobe

A

Part of superior lobe of right lung that grows medial to azygos vein instead of lateral to it

28
Q

Agenesis of lungs

A

Failure of bronchial bud to develop can be unilateral or bilateral

29
Q

What is lung hypoplasia typically associated with (2 different things)?

A

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia or oligohydramnios

30
Q

Potter syndrome

A

Pulmonary hypoplasia, bilateral renal agenesis, caused by oligohydramnios

31
Q

How can oligohydramnios cause pulmonary hypoplasia?

A

Uterine wall compresses fetal thorax causing lung hypoplasia

32
Q

What can cause oligohydramnios?

A

Bilateral renal agenesis causes lack of urine production and reduces amount of amniotic fluid present

33
Q

Four stages of lung maturation

A
  1. Pseudoglandular period
  2. Canalicular period
  3. Terminal sac period
  4. Alveolar period
34
Q

Pseudoglandular period

A
  • -6-16 wks
  • -Ductal elements (bronchi and terminal bronchioles) of lung development
  • -No alveoli present
35
Q

Canalicular period

A
  • -16-26 weeks
  • -Bronchi and terminal bronchioles enlarge and respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts develop
  • -Vascularization
  • -Respiration is possible because of developing alveoli
36
Q

What direction do respiratory and alveolar ducts develop from?

A

Cranial to caudally

37
Q

Terminal sac period

A
  • -26 wks to birth
  • -Type 1 alveolar cells form
  • -Blood-air barrier develops
  • -Type II alveolar cells start to secrete surfactant
38
Q

What is infant survival dependent on in terminal sac period?

A

Adequate vasculature and surfactant

39
Q

Type I alveolar cell origin

A

Squamous epithelium of endodermal origin

40
Q

Type II alveolar cells

A

Secrete pulmonary surfactant

41
Q

When does surfactant secretion begin?

A

Begins at 20 weeks, not sufficient until 26-28 wks.

42
Q

What can accelerate surfactant production during pregnancy?

A

Glucocorticoids

43
Q

Alveolar period

A
  • -Late fetal period to year 8 of childhood
  • -Maturation of alveoli
  • -Increase respiratory bronchioles and primitive alveoli
44
Q

What do fetal breathing movements do?

A

Stimulate lung development and facilitates development of respiratory musculature

45
Q

How many alveoli are present at birth? What do they increase to by age 3? How long do we continue to develop new alveoli?

A

150 million. 300 million. 8 years old.

46
Q

What is lung fluid in fetus derived from?

A

Amniotic fluid, lung tissue itself, secretions by tracheal and bronchial glands

47
Q

How does removal of lung fluid occur at birth?

A
  1. Through mouth and nose by pressure on thorax during delivery
  2. Into pulmonary capillaries
  3. Into lymphatics
48
Q

Congenital lung cysts

A

Formed by dilation of terminal bronchioles due disturbance in bronchial development during late fetal life

49
Q

What do lungs with congenital lung cysts look like?

A

Honeycomb appearance

50
Q

What accounts for 20% of all infant deaths during newborn period

A

Respiratory distress syndrome

51
Q

Hyaline membrane disease/respiratory distress syndrome cause and location?

A

Deficiency of surfactant and injury to alveolar wall causing protein-rich, fibrin-rich exudate derived from injured pulmonary epithelium and circulating blood substance. Located in alveolar space and forms hyaline membrane

52
Q

What is difference between newborn lungs and stillborn lungs?

A

Stillborn lungs sink because they contain fluid, not air. Newborn lungs contain air and float in water.

CRRAB II (13 decks)

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