Respiratory ChestvX Rays And PTB

Question 1

What is Pulmonary Tuberculosis?

Answer 1

It is a respiratory disease that is caused the tubecule bacillus and this is where granulomatous lesions become necrotic and heal by fibrosis its caused by bovine(infected cow) and humans which have infected droplets

Question 2

What are the predisposing factors of PTB ?

Answer 2

Hiv
Pregnancy-immunosuppressive which could lead to activation of tubercule leisons
Long term use of corticosteroids
Alcoholism and malnutrition
Overcrowding

Question 3

What is the pathology of PTB?

Answer 3

Caseous necrosis where contents liquefy and they can be let out and when they are expressed that material could be affected unless patient is treated

Question 4

What are the two stages of PTB?

Answer 4

Stage of infection(primary infection)

Stage of disease(post primary infection)

Question 5

What is the primary infection stage?

Answer 5

When there’s an inhaled droplet aerosol containing an infectious agent.Mycobacterium tuberculosis from an untreated person with positive sputum and it usually heals uneventfully and results in hypersensitivity of tuberculin and its mainly found in children

Question 6

What are the signs and symptoms?

Answer 6

Poor appetite and failure to gain weight
Cough is unusual and sputum exceptional
Erythema nodosum(inflammation of subcutaneous fat)
Phlyctenular conjunctivitis (inflammation of cornea or conjunctivitis which results in hypersensitivity reaction to an antigen)
Pleural effusion
Pericardial effusion

Question 7

What is the disease stage caused by?

Answer 7

Loss of immunity or inadequate immunity
Direct progression of a primary leison
Reactivation of a dormant leison
Reinfection

Question 8

What are the signs and symptoms of the disease stage?

Answer 8

Sputum is mucoid or purulent
Hemoptysis
Fever
Weight loss
Coughing for more than 2 weeks
Chest pain

Question 9

What does PPTB involve?

Answer 9

Upper lobes
Apical segments of lower lobe
Healing is by fibrosis without regeneration

Question 10

What is used in the diagnosis of PTB?

Answer 10

CXR
Sputum smears
Skin test to determine hypersensitivity

Question 11

What Is the mantoux test?

Answer 11

Sequential intramural injection of tuberculin units

Question 12

When should you read the test after injection is given?

Answer 12

After 3 days

Question 13

What is the interpretation of the skin test?

Answer 13

A wheal of 5mm in diameter indicates infection some time ago
A wheal of 10mm indicates currect disease

Question 14

What’s the Multiple Tine and Heaf test?

Answer 14

Uses 5 Tuberculin units

Question 15

What is the heaf test?

Answer 15

Should be read 3 to 5 days after and a confluent disc shape thickening of skin is the same as a positive reaction to the mantoux test

Question 16

What is the tine test ?

Answer 16

2 to 4 papules each at least 2mmm in diameter is a positive reaction

Question 17

What is management of PTB?

Answer 17

Isolation of infectious patients
Hospital admission
Medication(Streptomycin,Rifampicin

Question 18

What is the prognosis for ptb?

Answer 18

Residual ventilatory defects and upper lobe fibrosis
Death rare

Question 19

What is the interaction of PTB and Hiv?

Answer 19

Tb is a common cause of death in hiv
Tb can occur at any time but occurs early in course of HIV
TB increases progression of TB
Tb can be cured despite having hiv

Question 20

What is the prevention of PTB?

Answer 20

Improving housing and nutrition
Prompt diagnosis and treatment of infectious ones with positive sputum

BCG vaccination

Question 21

What is the purpose of the BCG vaccine?

Answer 21

Hypersensitivity of tuberculin
Improves immunity to TB
Reduces the incidence of more serious complications of the primary stage