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Medical School Anatomy > Respiratory, Cardiovascular and Renal > Flashcards

Respiratory, Cardiovascular and Renal Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Summarise the path of air through the upper respiratory tract.

A

Nasal cavity Paranasal sinuses Pharynx

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2
Q

Summarise the path of air through the lower respiratory tract.

A

Larynx Trachea Main bronchi Secondary/Lobar bronchi Tertiary/segmental bronchi Terminal bronchioles Respiratory bronchioles Alveolar duct Alveolar sac Alveoli

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3
Q

What is the purpose and location of the respiratory zone?

A

Respiratory bronchioles onwards. Site of gas exchange

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4
Q

What is the purpose and location of the conducting zone?

A

Up to, and including, terminal bronchioles. Moisten, filter and warm air, before it reaches respiratory zone

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5
Q

What is the precise location of the pharynx?

A

Begins at base of skull, posterior nasal cavity, ends level with the cricoid cartilage, although continuous with oesophagus

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6
Q

What is the precise location of the larynx?

A

Begins inferior to epiglottis, ends level with cricoid cartilage, although continuous with the trachea.

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7
Q

What is the precise location of the trachea?

A

Continuous with larynx, begins roughly level with cricoid cartilage, ends at the carina.

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8
Q

What is the mediastinum?

A

Space between the two lungs

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9
Q

What are the main nerves of the thorax?

A

Phrenic nerve Vagus nerve Intercostal nerves

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10
Q

What are the different paranasal air sinuses? And their relative location.

A

Frontal: superior to orbit Ethmoid cells: posteromedial to orbits Maxillary: lateral to nasal cavity Sphenoidal: posterior to nasal cavity, superior to pharynx

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11
Q

What are the nares?

A

Internal: opening at back of nasal cavity, to pharynx External: nostrils, has hairs

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12
Q

What are the nasal conchae?

A

Thin bones in nasal cavity, increasing surface area. Have a superior, middle and inferior conchae.

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13
Q

What are nasal meatus?

A

Nasal passage beneath nasal conchae.

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14
Q

What is the significance of nasal conchae?

A

Increase surface area.Allow filtration, heating and humidifying of inspired air. Also sensory function (temp/pressure).

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15
Q

Where is the olfactory region of the nasal cavity??

A

Upper, posterior region.

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16
Q

What is the auditory tube?

A

Tube linking middle ear to nasopharynx (lateral)

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17
Q

Where are the palatine tonsils?

A

Tonsils lateral posterior oral cavity, visible on inspection

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18
Q

Where are the pharyngeal tonsils?

A

Superior pharynx, below skull (below sphenoid sinus)

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19
Q

What is the purpose of the auditory tube?

A

Usually closed, but opens during positive pressure (e.g. swallowing), to equalise pressure

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20
Q

What is the main role of tonsils?

A

Trap germs, 1st line of defence

21
Q

What are the three sections of the pharynx, and their boundaries?

A

Nasopharynx: posterior to internal nares. 1st section Oropharynx: from uvula to level with hyoid bone (top of larynx) Laryngopharynx: hyoid bone to cricoid cartilage

22
Q

What tissue lines the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx: respiratory epithelium (ciliated pseudostratified columnar) Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx: non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

23
Q

Why is there a difference in the lining of the pharynx?

A

The oropharynx and laryngopharynx are also required for digestion, cilia would be damaged

24
Q

What is the basic structure of the larynx?

A

Epiglottis, surrounded by hyoid bone Thyroid cartilage Cricoid cartilage (gap between the two) False and True vocal folds

25
Q

What are the regions of the larynx?

A

Vestibule (triangle shaped space at opening) Laryngeal ventricle (between vocal folds) Infraglottic cavity (below the vocal folds)

26
Q

What are the two vocal folds, and their location.

A

False (vestibular): superior True (vocal): inferior

27
Q

What are arytenoids?

A

Cartilage part of the larynx which vocal cords attach

28
Q

What is the function and innervation of arytenoids?

A

Vagus nerve innervation, allow vocal cord movement

29
Q

What happens to the larynx during swallowing?

A

The larynx moves up during swallowing, and the epiglottis occludes the respiratory tract.

30
Q

What is the function of the vocal folds?

A

True: speech (and cough reflex) False: suppress hoarse voice, breathing, and prevent inhaling food/drink

31
Q

What is the structure of the trachea?

A

Respiratory epithelium (ciliated, pseudostratified columnar epithelium) lined with 15-20 C-shaped cartilage, and trachealis muscle. Ends at carina.

32
Q

What is the trachealis muscle?

A

Bridges gap between C-Shaped cartilage. Constricts the trachea to expel air with force.

33
Q

What is notable regarding the right and left main bronchus?

A

Right is shorter (enter right lung higher than left enters left) and is more vertical (more prone to foreign body)

34
Q

What is the hilum of the lung?

A

Point at which bronchus, veins and arteries enter the posterior, medial border of the lung. The bronchus enters posterior to the vessels.

35
Q

What special about the base of the lung?

A

It is concave, so that dome of the diaphragm sits closely

36
Q

Where is the oblique fissure?

A

Diagonal line across both lungs, both anteriorly and posteriorly.

37
Q

Where is the horizontal fissure?

A

Horizontal line across right lung, level with top of oblique fissure

38
Q

What is the difference between the right and left lung?

A

The right lung is shorter to make room for the liver. The left lung is narrower to make room for the heart (cardiac notch)

39
Q

What’s special about the pulmonary arteries structure?

A

It follows the bronchi and bronchioles, eventually dividing into a capillary network

40
Q

At what level does the descending aorta pass through the diaphragm?

A

T12

41
Q

At what level does the inferior vena cava pass through the diaphragm?

A

T8

42
Q

At what level does the oesophagus pass through the diaphragm?

A

T10

43
Q

What is the diaphragm made up of?

A

Peripheral muscle. And a central, white, aponeurosis (tendon)

44
Q

How does the diaphragm attach?

A

Xiphoid process and costal margin Ribs 6-12 T12 vertebrae Crus (appendages) insert into lumbar vertebrae. (R: L1-3. L: L1-T12)

45
Q

What are the phrenic nerves? Where do they originate?

A

Originate at C3-5, the pair pierce the diaphragm and innervate its inferior surface.

46
Q

What is the pleural?

A

Serous layer folded back on itself. Visceral is the deep layer. Parietal is the superficial layer. Potential space between it, with pleural (serous) fluid.

47
Q

What are the recess of the pleura?

A

Costomediastinal recess (smaller) - next to cardiac notch Costodiaphragmatic recess

48
Q

What are the two patterns of pneumonia?

A

Lobular (bronchopneumonia) - patchy consolidation Lobar (pneumonia) - consolidation of a whole lobe

49
Q

What are the surface marks for the lungs?

A

Apex is 1” above medial third of clavicle. Medially it runs to 6th intercostal cartilage, then down diagonally just around pectoralis major. Base is around level with base of pectoralis major.

Medical School Anatomy (3 decks)

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