Respiratory, cardiovascular and diagnosis blood test

Question 1

Events during inspiration

Answer 1

Diaphragm and external intercostals muscles contract–> volume of thoracic cavity increases–> interpleural pressure becomes more negative–> lungs expand–> intrapulmonary pressures becomes more negative–> air flows into lungs.

Question 2

Boyles law

Answer 2

The pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to the volume of its container.

Question 3

Define quiet expiration

Answer 3

Passive process in which the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles relax and the elastic lungs and thoracic wall recoil inward. This decreases the volume and therefore increases pressure within the thoracic am cavity and lungs.

Question 4

Define quiet inspiration

Answer 4

During quiet inspiration the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles contract. Increase the volume decreases pressure within the thoracic cavity and the lungs

Question 5

How are functional heart murmurs detected? Can these abnormalities be seen on an EKG?

Answer 5

Abnormal sound produced by a regular blood flow

Abnormalities cannot be seen on EKG because the EKG only picks up the electrical activity of the heart.

Question 6

What is a lead?

Answer 6

Electrode

Question 7

What is an EKG?

Answer 7

Recording of the electrical activity of the heart.

Question 8

How is mean arterial pressure calculated?

Answer 8

Mean arterial pressure = ( pulse pressure\ 3) + diastolic pressure

Question 9

How is pulse pressure calculated?

Answer 9

Pulse pressure = systolic pressure - diastolic pressure

Question 10

How will you find the brachial artery?

Answer 10

Palpate for it

Question 11

What is BP?

What are the units of measurement for pressure?

Answer 11

Pressure of blood exerted against arterial walls

MmHg

Question 12

What is a sphygmomanometer and what is it used for ?

Answer 12

It is used as a pressure cuff to measure blood pressure

Question 13

Where is the brachial artery and what are its two major branches?

Answer 13

Brachial region

• radial
• ulnar

Question 14

What is Pulse ?

Answer 14

Pressure wave produced when the aorta stretches

Question 15

What does Each wave of a cardiac cycle represent?

Answer 15

P wave- atrial depolarization.
QRS complex- ventricular depolarization
T wave- ventricular re-polarization

Question 16

Events during expiration

Answer 16

Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax–> volume of thoracic cavity increases–> inter pleural pressure becomes less negative –> lungs recoil–> intrapulmonary pressure rises above atmospheric pressure –> air flows out of the lungs .

Question 17

Why is untreated hypertension dangerous?

Answer 17

b/c having constant high bp thickens the walls inwardly and the lumen gets smaller, increasing TPR ultimately increasing BP, which can lead to a stroke or heart attack

Question 18

How does mild exercise affect bp and pulse?

Answer 18

The sympathetic division of the ANS turns on. the baroreceptors send no stretch the parasympathetic division therefore the sympathetic division increases HR, SV, AND TPR–> INCREASES BP

Question 19

How does placing one hand in ice affect bp?

Answer 19

Bp will increases b/c the cold causes vasoconstriction and increases TPR. all the blood is being shunted towards the core.

Question 20

How did pulse rate change when going from sitting to standing?

Answer 20

The venous return is decreased therefore SV decreases, and BP decreases. The baroreceptors instantaneously turn on the sympathetic division of the ANS and pulse/ heart rate increase.

Question 21

What is systolic pressure?

What is diastolic pressure?

Answer 21

Systolic pressure- pressure when the ventricles contract

diastolic pressure- pressure when the ventricles relax.

Question 22

What causes heart sounds?

Answer 22

Closing of the valves

• The first sound (lub): closing of the AV valves
• Second sound (dub): closing of the semilunar valves

Question 23

What are the functions of blood?

Which component of blood carries out each of these functions?

Answer 23

• Transporting of nutrients and waste
• regulation
• protection

Question 24

What are the distinguishing features of ventricular tachycardia?

Answer 24

Anything above 100bpm

Question 25

Surface tension does what with and without surfactant ?

Answer 25

With surfactant - decrease ST | without surfactant- increases ST

Question 26

Define lung compliance

Answer 26

ease at which the lungs expand

Question 27

amount of elastic tissue has to do with what/

Answer 27

stretchability of lungs

Question 28

How is resistance affected by changes in airway diameter?

Answer 28

When diameter decreases, resistance increases | when diameter increases, resistance decreases

Question 29

How does increased resistance affect airflow?

Answer 29

It provides less air flow b/c more constriction

Question 30

Factors affecting airway resistance

Answer 30

Diameter of airway | -do this by contracting or relaxing smooth muscles in airway walls especially the bronchioles

Question 31

What are intrapulmonary pressure changes?

Answer 31

pressure within the alveoli of the lungs also called intrapulmonary alveoli pressure

Question 32

where are the visceral and parietal pleurae

Answer 32

The visceral covers surface of lungs and the parietal sits on top on the visceral

Question 33

Define tidal volume

Answer 33

The volume of gas inspired or expired in an unforced respiratory cycle

Question 34

define inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 34

The maximum volume of gas that can be inspired during forced breathing in addition to tidal volume

Question 35

define expiratory reserve volume

Answer 35

the maximum amount of gas that can be expired during forced breathing in addition to tidal volume

Question 36

How does air get into the lungs?

Answer 36

Air gets into the lungs by volume changes,which cause pressure changes and the air moves down the pressure gradient.

Question 37

What are the 3 most significant factors that determine vital capacity?

Answer 37

age, sex, and height

Question 38

Why are resistance and compliance important in breathing?

Answer 38

Because if resistance goes up it is harder to breathe because there is less air flow. if compliance goes up it is easier to breathe

Question 39

Which values cause total minute volume to increase during exercise?

Answer 39

- Tidal volume | - # of breaths per minute

Question 40

Does all of the total minute volume reach the alveoli?

Answer 40

No, b/c it gets trapped in the conducting zone. This is where no gas exchange occurs.

Question 41

How is hyperventilation different from hyperpnea?

Answer 41

Hyperventilation is uncontrolled rapid breathing Hyperpnea is increased deep breathing. - Hyperpnea happens when exercising b/c ventilation and CO2 production increase, therefore more CO2 = increase pH=more vasodilation.

Question 42

Venous blood contains some oxygen, explain

Answer 42

venous blood contains 02 due to hemoglobins high affinity for oxygen, so it will not let all of it go in one pass

Question 43

Why is it important to monitor percent hemoglobin saturation in a patient under general anesthesia (with paralyzed muscles)

Answer 43

b/c when temperature is decreased the pH is increased, leading to a decrease in 02 delivery to the tissues b/c hemoglobins affinity for 02 has increase therefore there is a decrease of unloading.

Question 44

Anatomy of the bronchiole tree

Answer 44

air enters the lungs thru primary bronchi-->secondary bronchi-->tertiary bronchi-->bronchioles-->terminal bronchioles-->respiratory zone

Question 45

Define vital capacity

Answer 45

the maximum amount of gas that can be expired after a maximum inspiration

Question 46

Vital Capacity contains what?

Answer 46

Tidal volume+expiratory reserve volume+inspiratory reserve volume

Question 47

total lung capacity=

Answer 47

vital capacity+residual volume

Question 48

Define total lung capacity

Answer 48

the total amount of gas in the lungs after a maximum inspiration

Question 49

Define residual volume

Answer 49

the volume of gas remaining in the lungs after a maximum expiration

Question 50

Define agglutination

Answer 50

- clumping | - special kind of run

Question 51

Causes of polycythemia?

Answer 51

High altitudes

Question 52

Write out the flow diagram of the negative feedback system that maintains a normal # of RBC's

Answer 52

02 decreases-->kidneys release erythroproetin-->bones-->stimulates hematapoasis

Question 53

Total white blood cell count

Answer 53

total # of wbc's in a mm3 of blood | normal ranges: 4500-1100 abc/mm3

Question 54

Hematocrit (packed cell volume)

Answer 54

The percentage of blood volume compromised of cells normal ranges: F: 4-5L blood, 36%-46% M: 5-6L blood, 41%-53%

Question 55

total RBC count

Answer 55

the total # of RBC's in mm3 of blood -too high=anemia -too low= polycythemia normal ranges: 4.5-5.9 mill RBC/mm3

Question 56

Hemoglobin concentration

Answer 56

the concentration of hemoglobin in g/dL. normal ranges: F- 12-16 g/dL M-13.5-17.5 g/dL

Question 57

What are possible cause of anemia?

Answer 57

1. Iron deficiency (most common) 2. Lack of vitamin B12 3. Sickle cell anemia 4. Destruction of bone marrow

Question 58

what is leukocytosis

Answer 58

increased # of WBC | -causes: infection, some types of poisoning

Question 59

What is leukopenia?

Answer 59

decreased # of WBC | -causes: infections that damage WBC's (ex; measles, cirrhosis of the liver, radiation exposure)

Question 60

Differential white blood cell count

Answer 60

the percentage of each of the 5 types of WBC's | - this test can help determine the type of infection or immune response

Question 61

Platelets

Answer 61

NOT CELLS!!! - huge role in clotting and causes vasoconstriction ranges: 130,000-400,000 mm3

Question 62

Type O blood

Answer 62

- No antigens | - A and B antibodies

Question 63

Type AB blood

Answer 63

- A and B antigens | - no antibodies

Question 64

Type A blood

Answer 64

- A antigen | - B antibody

Question 65

Type B blood

Answer 65

- B antigen | - A antibody

Question 66

What is an antigen?

Answer 66

an antigen sits on the surface of RBC's | -turns o an immune system

Question 67

What is an antibody?

Answer 67

antibody is a protein made by WBC to fight against something foreign

Question 68

during inspiration is Intrapulmonary pressure high or low

Answer 68

low

Question 69

during expiration is IPP high or low

Answer 69

high