buffer system

Question 1

1. Why isn’t protein found in the urine?

2. Significance of presence in urine (and causes)

Answer 1

1. It is too large to be filtered.
2. If protein is found in urine it is called proteinuria. Usually proteinuria is asymptamatic but if symptoms were to occur it would be edema (low plasma proteins, -> low colloid osmotic pressure->low absorbance->increase in tissue fluid)

Question 2

Why isn’t glucose found in urine?

Significance of presence and causes

Answer 2

glucose is so sm that it gets filtered.
reason it is not found in urine is b/c it gets re-absorbed. only way it gets into the urine is if we hit saturation and transport maximum.
Once its in the pee its called glycosuria.

Question 3

Why isn’t ketones found in the urine?

significance of presence and causes

Answer 3

ketones are normally found in urine in trace amounts. you would find a higher than normal amount of ketones in urine for ketosis and ketoacidosis.
higher than normal trace amounts of ketones in urine is ketonuria.

Question 4

Why isn’t hemoglobin found in the urine?

significance of presence and causes

Answer 4

hemoglobin does not get filtered and if it is in the urine its called hematuria. if you have glomeruli damage you would filter out blood cells.

Question 5

specific gravity is defined as what and what are the ranges

Answer 5

it is the ratio of weight of a solution to distilled water. normal specific gravity of urine is 1.010-1.025

Question 6

What is the normal pH of urine

Answer 6

5.0-7.5

Question 7

what is a buffer

Answer 7

buffers are substances that rests pH changes when acids or alkaline (basic) chemicals are added to a solution.

Question 8

is it possible to have higher than normal plasma glucose concentration and not have glycosuria ?

Answer 8

yes, as long as the plasma glucose concentration is not so high that saturation and transport maximum are hit, there will be no glucose in the urine.

Question 9

proteinuria is often associated with edema. how can proteinuria cause edema?

Answer 9

b/c low plasma protein concentrations decreases colloid osmotic pressure, decreasing absorbance, increasing tissue fluid= edema

Question 10

which of the urine chemical tests would be the best indicator of kidney damage? why

Answer 10

protein urine chemical test would be the best indicator of kidney damage because that would indicate glomeruli damage.

Question 11

rank protein, bicarbonate, and glucose as best to worst buffers.

Answer 11

1. bicarbonate
2. proteins
3. NaCl
4. glucose