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Histology Semester 2 > Respiratory/Cardio > Flashcards

Respiratory/Cardio Flashcards

1
Q

What are the anatomic divisions of the upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract?

A

Upper:

  • Pharynx
  • Nasal Cavity
  • Paranasal Sinus

Lower:

  • Trachea
  • Larynx
  • Bronchus
  • Alveoli
  • Respiratory Bronchiole
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2
Q

What are the 2 functions of the respiratory system?

A

Provide O2 to the body

Remove excess CO2 from the body

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3
Q

What are the 4 steps in respiration?

A
  1. Ventilation: movement of air between atmosphere & lungs
  2. External respiration at the level of the airway (gas exchange)
  3. Gas transport: moving oxygen to and from cells all throughout the body
  4. Internal respiration: exchange of gases at the level of individual cells
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4
Q

What are the 2 components/parts of the respiratory system?

A
  1. Conducting portion (direct passage of air in and out of body)
  2. Respiratory Portion (exchange of gases from air to blood)
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5
Q

What is the function of the respiratory epithelium?

A
  1. Trap dirt, bacteria, and particulate matter and move it to the pharynx
  2. Warm the air passing over the surface of the epithelium
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6
Q

What type of cells are respiratory epithelium & what 3 types of cells is it composed of?

A

Cell type: Pseudostratified (single layer attaching to basement membrane)

Composition of Respiratory Epithelium:

  1. Goblet cells
    - Produce mucous to help trap particulate matter
  2. Basal cells
    - Unipotent stem cells (replace goblet, columnar and ciliated epithelial cells)
  3. Ciliated Epithelial cells
    - Unidirectional beating of cillia and movement towards pharynx for expulsion
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7
Q

What are the functions of the nasal cavity?

A
  1. Warm, filter and moisturize the air

2. Chemoreception and olfaction

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8
Q

What are the three regions of the nasal cavity and what types of cells are they composed of?

A
  1. Vestibule with cutaneous region
    - Opening of the nose
    - Stratified squamous epithelial cells
    - Job is to filter
  2. Conchae/turbinates
    - Respiratory and olfactory cells
    - Job is to disrupt airflow in the chamber and increase surface area for filtration
    - Bony structures
  3. Vomeronasal organ
    - Olfactory and respiratory epithelium
    - Increase sensitivity to chemoreception
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9
Q

The Vestibule of the Nasal Cavity contains ____ that contain _____ glands

A

vibrissae (hairs) & sebaceous

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10
Q

The turbinates are lined with ______ epithelium and ______ epithelium

A

respiratory and olfactory

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11
Q

The turbinates/conchae have _______ in the _______ aka basement membrane of their respiratory epithelium.

A

Blood vessels/sinusoids

lamina propria

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12
Q

What are the 3 cell types of an olfactory epithelium?

A
  1. Olfactory cells (bipolar neurons)
    - transduce chemical signals into neuronal impulses
  2. Sustentacular support cells
    - Provide metabolic components to olfactory cells
  3. Basal cells
    - Replace dying olfactory cells and sustentacular cells
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13
Q

What type of recognizable cells lies beneath the olfactory epithelium?

A

Bowman’s gland & a nerve bundle nearby

- Releases sero-mucus secretion

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14
Q

What is the relationship of Bowman’s glands and nerve bundles to the function of the olfactory system?

A

Bowman’s Gland:
- Washes away odorants and allows for rapid restimulation of the olfactory system
Nerve Bundles:
- Send info of smells to brain

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15
Q

Where can you find the olfactory epithelium?

A

Only found in the nasal cavity

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16
Q

Where can you find the respiratory epithelium?

A

Nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, paranasa, sinus, bronchus, trachea

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17
Q

Olfactory epithelium is ______ than respiratory epithelium

A

Noticeably taller

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18
Q

Olfactory cells are bipolar neurons that have _____ on their apical surface (lumen side).

A

10-30 Dendrites

- which do not move , sit in a layer of mucus

19
Q

Sustentacular support cells contain _______ & provide _____

A

microvilli & provide metabolic components to olfactory cells

20
Q

_________ receptors cover the dendrites of _______

A

Sensory

Olfactory cells

21
Q

T or F: Each olfactory cell has 1 type of odorant receptor, which binds the odorant and alters membrane change

A

True

22
Q

What happens when an odorant sensor on an olfactory cell is stimulated?

A
  • Receptor binding triggers a change in membrane charge
  • Triggers an AP
  • Info sent to glomeruli in olfactory bulb
  • Info passed to mitral cells w/in olfactory bulb
23
Q

Where is the information from the vomeronasal organ processed? What types of cells does this organ have?

A

Vomeronasal Organ:

  • Processes info in the accessory olfactory bulbs
  • Has both respiratory and olfactory epithelial cells
24
Q

The lamina propria of the olfactory epithelium contains:

A

Bowman’s Glands
Nerve Bundles
Ducts

25
Q

How can you identify Bowman’s Glands in the lamina propria of the olfactory epithelium?

A

Peripherally located nuclei (towards outside)

Clear/hollow looking center

26
Q

What is the lamina propria?

A

Thin layer of connective tissue
Separates the innermost layer of epithelial cells from a layer of smooth muscle
Forms part of the moist linings known as mucous membranes which line various tubes in the body,

27
Q

What structure can be found in the lamina propria in the respiratory epithelium? Function?

A

Serous gland which releases a watery secretion
Stains much darker
Centrally located nuclei
Helps regulated the temp of the air moving though and traps unwanted particles

28
Q

Difference btwn mucus glands and serous glands on a slide

A

Mucus Glands:
Nuclei located more randomly towards periphery
Don’t stain well so they look clear inside

Serous glands:
Stains much darker
Centrally located nuclei

29
Q

The Vomeronasal organ:

A
  • Paired organ
  • Located on either side of the septum
  • Contains hyaline cartilage
  • Responds to compounds taken in orally or by inhalation (phermones)
  • Input sent to accessory olfactory bulb for processing
30
Q

T or F: The Vomeronasal Organ contains both respiratory epithelium and olfactory epithelium

A

True

31
Q

What type of cartilage is present in the epiglottis? Function?

A

Elastic cartilage

Prevents food from entering the trachea and air from entering the esophagus

32
Q

Mucus glands are not found in the ______, while serous glands are found throughout the ______.

A

Lower respiratory tract

respiratory tract

33
Q

What is the function of the nasopharynx?

A

Connects the nasal cavity to the larynx

With the help of the eustachian tube, it serves to equalize pressure between the middle ear and the atmosphere

34
Q

What are the 4 components of the larynx?

A 
Larynx: 
Voice box that controls the vocal chords, thus controlling the sounds made
Components: 
Cricoid cartilage
Arytenoid cartilage
Thyroid cartilage
Epiglottic cartilage
35
Q

Composition of the Components of the Larynx:

A 
Components: 
Cricoid cartilage- Hyaline Cartilage
Arytenoid cartilage- Hyaline Cartilage
Thyroid cartilage- Hyaline Cartilage
Epiglottic cartilage- Elastic Cartilage
36
Q

What types of epithelia are present in the larynx?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

Respiratory epithelium

37
Q

Type of muscle surrounding the cartilage in the larynx:

A

Skeletal Muscle

38
Q

What types of muscle are present in the vocal chords?

A

Skeletal muscle

Smooth muscle

39
Q

The trachea connects the ______ to the _______

A

bronchus to the larynx

40
Q

What type of cells line the trachea?

A

Respiratory epithelial cells

41
Q

How can you identify the trachea?

A

It’s series of cartilagenous rings with ends connected by smooth muscle

42
Q

Elastic cartilage vs. Hyaline Cartilage

A

Both purple-ish w/ H&E staining
Elastic has fibers to distinguish it
Hyaline: more uniform appearance between lacunae

43
Q

At the level of the bronchioles and terminal bronchioles, ________ is absent, and there is an ______ presence of smooth muscle

A

Cartilage

Increased

44
Q

The trachea is lined by _______

A

respiratory epithelium

Histology Semester 2 (4 decks)

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