Respiratory/Cardio Flashcards
What are the anatomic divisions of the upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract?
Upper:
- Pharynx
- Nasal Cavity
- Paranasal Sinus
Lower:
- Trachea
- Larynx
- Bronchus
- Alveoli
- Respiratory Bronchiole
What are the 2 functions of the respiratory system?
Provide O2 to the body
Remove excess CO2 from the body
What are the 4 steps in respiration?
- Ventilation: movement of air between atmosphere & lungs
- External respiration at the level of the airway (gas exchange)
- Gas transport: moving oxygen to and from cells all throughout the body
- Internal respiration: exchange of gases at the level of individual cells
What are the 2 components/parts of the respiratory system?
- Conducting portion (direct passage of air in and out of body)
- Respiratory Portion (exchange of gases from air to blood)
What is the function of the respiratory epithelium?
- Trap dirt, bacteria, and particulate matter and move it to the pharynx
- Warm the air passing over the surface of the epithelium
What type of cells are respiratory epithelium & what 3 types of cells is it composed of?
Cell type: Pseudostratified (single layer attaching to basement membrane)
Composition of Respiratory Epithelium:
- Goblet cells
- Produce mucous to help trap particulate matter - Basal cells
- Unipotent stem cells (replace goblet, columnar and ciliated epithelial cells) - Ciliated Epithelial cells
- Unidirectional beating of cillia and movement towards pharynx for expulsion
What are the functions of the nasal cavity?
- Warm, filter and moisturize the air
2. Chemoreception and olfaction
What are the three regions of the nasal cavity and what types of cells are they composed of?
- Vestibule with cutaneous region
- Opening of the nose
- Stratified squamous epithelial cells
- Job is to filter - Conchae/turbinates
- Respiratory and olfactory cells
- Job is to disrupt airflow in the chamber and increase surface area for filtration
- Bony structures - Vomeronasal organ
- Olfactory and respiratory epithelium
- Increase sensitivity to chemoreception
The Vestibule of the Nasal Cavity contains ____ that contain _____ glands
vibrissae (hairs) & sebaceous
The turbinates are lined with ______ epithelium and ______ epithelium
respiratory and olfactory
The turbinates/conchae have _______ in the _______ aka basement membrane of their respiratory epithelium.
Blood vessels/sinusoids
lamina propria
What are the 3 cell types of an olfactory epithelium?
- Olfactory cells (bipolar neurons)
- transduce chemical signals into neuronal impulses - Sustentacular support cells
- Provide metabolic components to olfactory cells - Basal cells
- Replace dying olfactory cells and sustentacular cells
What type of recognizable cells lies beneath the olfactory epithelium?
Bowman’s gland & a nerve bundle nearby
- Releases sero-mucus secretion
What is the relationship of Bowman’s glands and nerve bundles to the function of the olfactory system?
Bowman’s Gland:
- Washes away odorants and allows for rapid restimulation of the olfactory system
Nerve Bundles:
- Send info of smells to brain
Where can you find the olfactory epithelium?
Only found in the nasal cavity
Where can you find the respiratory epithelium?
Nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, paranasa, sinus, bronchus, trachea
Olfactory epithelium is ______ than respiratory epithelium
Noticeably taller
Olfactory cells are bipolar neurons that have _____ on their apical surface (lumen side).
10-30 Dendrites
- which do not move , sit in a layer of mucus
Sustentacular support cells contain _______ & provide _____
microvilli & provide metabolic components to olfactory cells
_________ receptors cover the dendrites of _______
Sensory
Olfactory cells
T or F: Each olfactory cell has 1 type of odorant receptor, which binds the odorant and alters membrane change
True
What happens when an odorant sensor on an olfactory cell is stimulated?
- Receptor binding triggers a change in membrane charge
- Triggers an AP
- Info sent to glomeruli in olfactory bulb
- Info passed to mitral cells w/in olfactory bulb
Where is the information from the vomeronasal organ processed? What types of cells does this organ have?
Vomeronasal Organ:
- Processes info in the accessory olfactory bulbs
- Has both respiratory and olfactory epithelial cells
The lamina propria of the olfactory epithelium contains:
Bowman’s Glands
Nerve Bundles
Ducts
How can you identify Bowman’s Glands in the lamina propria of the olfactory epithelium?
Peripherally located nuclei (towards outside)
Clear/hollow looking center
What is the lamina propria?
Thin layer of connective tissue
Separates the innermost layer of epithelial cells from a layer of smooth muscle
Forms part of the moist linings known as mucous membranes which line various tubes in the body,
What structure can be found in the lamina propria in the respiratory epithelium? Function?
Serous gland which releases a watery secretion
Stains much darker
Centrally located nuclei
Helps regulated the temp of the air moving though and traps unwanted particles
Difference btwn mucus glands and serous glands on a slide
Mucus Glands:
Nuclei located more randomly towards periphery
Don’t stain well so they look clear inside
Serous glands:
Stains much darker
Centrally located nuclei
The Vomeronasal organ:
- Paired organ
- Located on either side of the septum
- Contains hyaline cartilage
- Responds to compounds taken in orally or by inhalation (phermones)
- Input sent to accessory olfactory bulb for processing
T or F: The Vomeronasal Organ contains both respiratory epithelium and olfactory epithelium
True
What type of cartilage is present in the epiglottis? Function?
Elastic cartilage
Prevents food from entering the trachea and air from entering the esophagus
Mucus glands are not found in the ______, while serous glands are found throughout the ______.
Lower respiratory tract
respiratory tract
What is the function of the nasopharynx?
Connects the nasal cavity to the larynx
With the help of the eustachian tube, it serves to equalize pressure between the middle ear and the atmosphere
What are the 4 components of the larynx?
Larynx: Voice box that controls the vocal chords, thus controlling the sounds made Components: Cricoid cartilage Arytenoid cartilage Thyroid cartilage Epiglottic cartilage
Composition of the Components of the Larynx:
Components: Cricoid cartilage- Hyaline Cartilage Arytenoid cartilage- Hyaline Cartilage Thyroid cartilage- Hyaline Cartilage Epiglottic cartilage- Elastic Cartilage
What types of epithelia are present in the larynx?
Stratified squamous epithelium
Respiratory epithelium
Type of muscle surrounding the cartilage in the larynx:
Skeletal Muscle
What types of muscle are present in the vocal chords?
Skeletal muscle
Smooth muscle
The trachea connects the ______ to the _______
bronchus to the larynx
What type of cells line the trachea?
Respiratory epithelial cells
How can you identify the trachea?
It’s series of cartilagenous rings with ends connected by smooth muscle
Elastic cartilage vs. Hyaline Cartilage
Both purple-ish w/ H&E staining
Elastic has fibers to distinguish it
Hyaline: more uniform appearance between lacunae
At the level of the bronchioles and terminal bronchioles, ________ is absent, and there is an ______ presence of smooth muscle
Cartilage
Increased
The trachea is lined by _______
respiratory epithelium
