Respiratory/Cardio

Question 1

What are the anatomic divisions of the upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract?

Answer 1

Upper:

• Pharynx
• Nasal Cavity
• Paranasal Sinus

Lower:

• Trachea
• Larynx
• Bronchus
• Alveoli
• Respiratory Bronchiole

Question 2

What are the 2 functions of the respiratory system?

Answer 2

Provide O2 to the body

Remove excess CO2 from the body

Question 3

What are the 4 steps in respiration?

Answer 3

1. Ventilation: movement of air between atmosphere & lungs
2. External respiration at the level of the airway (gas exchange)
3. Gas transport: moving oxygen to and from cells all throughout the body
4. Internal respiration: exchange of gases at the level of individual cells

Question 4

What are the 2 components/parts of the respiratory system?

Answer 4

1. Conducting portion (direct passage of air in and out of body)
2. Respiratory Portion (exchange of gases from air to blood)

Question 5

What is the function of the respiratory epithelium?

Answer 5

1. Trap dirt, bacteria, and particulate matter and move it to the pharynx
2. Warm the air passing over the surface of the epithelium

Question 6

What type of cells are respiratory epithelium & what 3 types of cells is it composed of?

Answer 6

Cell type: Pseudostratified (single layer attaching to basement membrane)

Composition of Respiratory Epithelium:

1. Goblet cells
   - Produce mucous to help trap particulate matter
2. Basal cells
   - Unipotent stem cells (replace goblet, columnar and ciliated epithelial cells)
3. Ciliated Epithelial cells
   - Unidirectional beating of cillia and movement towards pharynx for expulsion

Question 7

What are the functions of the nasal cavity?

Answer 7

1. Warm, filter and moisturize the air

2. Chemoreception and olfaction

Question 8

What are the three regions of the nasal cavity and what types of cells are they composed of?

Answer 8

1. Vestibule with cutaneous region
   - Opening of the nose
   - Stratified squamous epithelial cells
   - Job is to filter
2. Conchae/turbinates
   - Respiratory and olfactory cells
   - Job is to disrupt airflow in the chamber and increase surface area for filtration
   - Bony structures
3. Vomeronasal organ
   - Olfactory and respiratory epithelium
   - Increase sensitivity to chemoreception

Question 9

The Vestibule of the Nasal Cavity contains ____ that contain _____ glands

Answer 9

vibrissae (hairs) & sebaceous

Question 10

The turbinates are lined with ______ epithelium and ______ epithelium

Answer 10

respiratory and olfactory

Question 11

The turbinates/conchae have _______ in the _______ aka basement membrane of their respiratory epithelium.

Answer 11

Blood vessels/sinusoids

lamina propria

Question 12

What are the 3 cell types of an olfactory epithelium?

Answer 12

1. Olfactory cells (bipolar neurons)
   - transduce chemical signals into neuronal impulses
2. Sustentacular support cells
   - Provide metabolic components to olfactory cells
3. Basal cells
   - Replace dying olfactory cells and sustentacular cells

Question 13

What type of recognizable cells lies beneath the olfactory epithelium?

Answer 13

Bowman’s gland & a nerve bundle nearby

- Releases sero-mucus secretion

Question 14

What is the relationship of Bowman’s glands and nerve bundles to the function of the olfactory system?

Answer 14

Bowman’s Gland:
- Washes away odorants and allows for rapid restimulation of the olfactory system
Nerve Bundles:
- Send info of smells to brain

Question 15

Where can you find the olfactory epithelium?

Answer 15

Only found in the nasal cavity

Question 16

Where can you find the respiratory epithelium?

Answer 16

Nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, paranasa, sinus, bronchus, trachea

Question 17

Olfactory epithelium is ______ than respiratory epithelium

Answer 17

Noticeably taller

Question 18

Olfactory cells are bipolar neurons that have _____ on their apical surface (lumen side).

Answer 18

10-30 Dendrites

- which do not move , sit in a layer of mucus

Question 19

Sustentacular support cells contain _______ & provide _____

Answer 19

microvilli & provide metabolic components to olfactory cells

Question 20

_________ receptors cover the dendrites of _______

Answer 20

Sensory

Olfactory cells

Question 21

T or F: Each olfactory cell has 1 type of odorant receptor, which binds the odorant and alters membrane change

Answer 21

True

Question 22

What happens when an odorant sensor on an olfactory cell is stimulated?

Answer 22

• Receptor binding triggers a change in membrane charge
• Triggers an AP
• Info sent to glomeruli in olfactory bulb
• Info passed to mitral cells w/in olfactory bulb

Question 23

Where is the information from the vomeronasal organ processed? What types of cells does this organ have?

Answer 23

Vomeronasal Organ:

• Processes info in the accessory olfactory bulbs
• Has both respiratory and olfactory epithelial cells

Question 24

The lamina propria of the olfactory epithelium contains:

Answer 24

Bowman’s Glands
Nerve Bundles
Ducts

Question 25

How can you identify Bowman's Glands in the lamina propria of the olfactory epithelium?

Answer 25

Peripherally located nuclei (towards outside) | Clear/hollow looking center

Question 26

What is the lamina propria?

Answer 26

Thin layer of connective tissue Separates the innermost layer of epithelial cells from a layer of smooth muscle Forms part of the moist linings known as mucous membranes which line various tubes in the body,

Question 27

What structure can be found in the lamina propria in the respiratory epithelium? Function?

Answer 27

Serous gland which releases a watery secretion Stains much darker Centrally located nuclei Helps regulated the temp of the air moving though and traps unwanted particles

Question 28

Difference btwn mucus glands and serous glands on a slide

Answer 28

Mucus Glands: Nuclei located more randomly towards periphery Don't stain well so they look clear inside Serous glands: Stains much darker Centrally located nuclei

Question 29

The Vomeronasal organ:

Answer 29

- Paired organ - Located on either side of the septum - Contains hyaline cartilage - Responds to compounds taken in orally or by inhalation (phermones) - Input sent to accessory olfactory bulb for processing

Question 30

T or F: The Vomeronasal Organ contains both respiratory epithelium and olfactory epithelium

Answer 30

True

Question 31

What type of cartilage is present in the epiglottis? Function?

Answer 31

Elastic cartilage | Prevents food from entering the trachea and air from entering the esophagus

Question 32

Mucus glands are not found in the ______, while serous glands are found throughout the ______.

Answer 32

Lower respiratory tract | respiratory tract

Question 33

What is the function of the nasopharynx?

Answer 33

Connects the nasal cavity to the larynx | With the help of the eustachian tube, it serves to equalize pressure between the middle ear and the atmosphere

Question 34

What are the 4 components of the larynx?

Answer 34

``` Larynx: Voice box that controls the vocal chords, thus controlling the sounds made Components: Cricoid cartilage Arytenoid cartilage Thyroid cartilage Epiglottic cartilage ```

Question 35

Composition of the Components of the Larynx:

Answer 35

``` Components: Cricoid cartilage- Hyaline Cartilage Arytenoid cartilage- Hyaline Cartilage Thyroid cartilage- Hyaline Cartilage Epiglottic cartilage- Elastic Cartilage ```

Question 36

What types of epithelia are present in the larynx?

Answer 36

Stratified squamous epithelium | Respiratory epithelium

Question 37

Type of muscle surrounding the cartilage in the larynx:

Answer 37

Skeletal Muscle

Question 38

What types of muscle are present in the vocal chords?

Answer 38

Skeletal muscle | Smooth muscle

Question 39

The trachea connects the ______ to the _______

Answer 39

bronchus to the larynx

Question 40

What type of cells line the trachea?

Answer 40

Respiratory epithelial cells

Question 41

How can you identify the trachea?

Answer 41

It's series of cartilagenous rings with ends connected by smooth muscle

Question 42

Elastic cartilage vs. Hyaline Cartilage

Answer 42

Both purple-ish w/ H&E staining Elastic has fibers to distinguish it Hyaline: more uniform appearance between lacunae

Question 43

At the level of the bronchioles and terminal bronchioles, ________ is absent, and there is an ______ presence of smooth muscle

Answer 43

Cartilage | Increased

Question 44

The trachea is lined by _______

Answer 44

respiratory epithelium