respiratory and renal Flashcards
the state in which the PaO2 has fallen sufficiently to cause S&S of inadequate oxygenation
hypoxia
a sudden and progressive form of acute respiratory failure in which the alveolar-capillary membrane becomes damaged and more permeable to intravascular fluid
ARDS- acute respiratory distress syndrome
an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the intrapleural spaces of the lungs
pleural effusion
anterior-poster or of forward bending of spine with convexity of curve in posterior direction
kyphosis
vibration of the chest wall produced by vocalization
fremitus
an abnormal condition with excessive levels of red blood cells
polycythemia
an abnormal condition of the pulmonary system characterized by overinflation and destructive changes in alveolar walls
emphysema
a lipoprotein that lowers the surface tension in the alveoli, reduces the amount of pressure needed to inflate the alveoli, and decreases the tendency of the alveoli to collapse
surfactant
an acute, life-threatening situation in which the lung alveoli become filled with serous or serosanguineous fluid, caused most commonly by heart failure
pulmonary edema
a creaking or grating sound from roughened, inflamed surfaces of the pleura rubbing together, evident during inspiration, expiration, or both and no change with coughing
pleural friction rub
an accumulation of purulent exudates in a body cavity, especially the pleural space, that results from bacterial infection, such as pleurisy or tuberculosis
empyema
a lateral S shaped curvature of the thoracic and lumbar spine
scoliosis
an acute inflammation of the lungs, often caused by inhaled pneumococci of the species Streptococcus pneumoniae
pneumonia
a form of rhonchus characterized by a continuous high-pitched squeaking sound caused by rapid vibration of bronchial walls
wheezes
vomiting of blood the indicates bleeding in the upper GI tract
hematemesis
a rapid accumulation of air in the pleural space causing severely hgh intrapleural pressures with resultant tension on the heart and great vessels
tension pneumothorax
antibody mediated immunity
humoral immunity
greater than normal amounts of carbon dioxide in the blood; also called hypercarbia
hypercapnia
a rare progressive neurologic disorder characterized by loss of motor neurons and by weakness and atrophy of the muscles of the hands, forearms, and legs, spreading to involve most of the body and face
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
low oxygen tension in the blood characterized by a variety of nonspecific clinical signs and symptoms
hypoxemia
a techinque of exhaling against pursed lips to prolong exhalation, preventing bronchiolar collapse and air trapping
pursed-lip breathing
a malignant condition characterized by proliferation of abnormal giant, multinucleated cells, called Reed Sternberg cells, which are located in lymph nodes
Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
an uncontrolled leakage of urine; can be caused by anthing that interferes with bladder or urethral sphincter control, including confusion or depression, infection, atrophic vaginitis, urinary retention, restricted mobility, fecal impaction, or drugs
urinary incontinence
a physical examination technique in which te examiner feels the texture, size, consistency, and location of certain body parts with the hands
palpation
a surgical opening into the trachea through which an indwelling tube may be inserted
tracheostomy
a surgical opening in the thoracic cavity
thoracotomy
a physical examination techinque in which the examiner taps the body with the fingertips or fist
percussion
the direct visualization of a body structure through a lighted instrument (scope)
endoscopy
inflammation of the pleura
pleurisy
a retrovirus that causes HIV infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
human immunodeficiency virus
the use of various postions to promote gravity drainage of bronchial secretions
postural drainage
the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in 1 minute
cardiac output
an abnormal condition characterized by the collapse of alveoli, preventing the respiratory exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen in a part of the lungs
atelectasis
a general term for lung diseases caused by inhalation and retention of dust particles
pneumoconiosis
a surgical procedure done to remove fluid from the pleural space
thoracentesis
a collection of air or gas in the pleural space causing the lung to collapse
pneumothorax
an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis; usually involves the lungs, but also occurs in the larynx, kidneys, bones, adrenal glands, lymph nodes, and meninges and can be disseminated throughout the body
tuberculosis
the act of listening for sounds within the body to evaluate the condition of the heart, blood vessels, lungs, pleura, intestines, or other organs
auscultation
shortness of breath; difficulty breathing that may be caused by certain heart or lung conditions strenous exercise, or anxiety
dyspnea
immunity that is limited through specific antigen recognition by T lymphocytes, monocytes/macrophages, and natural killer cells
cell-mediated immunity
a chronic inflammatory lung disease that results in airflow obstruction; characterized by recurring episodes of paroxysmal dyspnea, wheezing on expiration, and/or inspiration caused by constriction of the bronchi, coughing, and viscous mucoid bronchial secretions
asthma
the continous rumbling, snoring, or rattling sounds from obstruction of large airways with secretions
rhonchi
CF) an autosomal recessive, multisystem disease characterized by altered function of the exocrine glands involving primarily the lungs, pancreas, and sweat glands.
Cystic fibrosis
a nonmalignant, noninflammatory enlargement of the prostate gland caused by an increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
a rare progressive neurologic disorder characterized by loss of motor neurons and by weakness and atrophy of the muscles of the hands, forearms, and legs, spreading to involve most of the body and face.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
a thromboembolic occlusion of the pulmonary vasculature resulting from thrombi in the venous circulation or right side of the heart that travel as emboli until lodging in the pulmonary vessels.
Pulmonary embolism
a maneuver that involves contraction of the chest muscles on a closed glottis with simultaneous contraction of the abdominal muscles.
Vasalva maneuver
a lesion with all the histologic features of cancer except invasion.
Carcinoma in situ
the spread of the cancer from the initial or primary site to a distant site.
Metastasis
a constriction or narrowing.
Stenosis
radiation delivery system that means “closed” treatment and consists of the implantation or insertion of radioactive materials directly into the tumor or in close proximity to the tumor.
Brachytherapy
an acute, rapidly progressing, and potentially fatal form of polyneuritis possibly caused by a cell-mediated immunologic reaction directed at the peripheral nerves.
Guillian Barre syndrome
a group of disorders characterized by (1) increased intraocular pressure and the consequences of elevated pressure, (2) optic nerve atrophy, and (3) peripheral visual field loss.
Glaucoma
artificial airway created by inserting a tube into the trachea through the mouth or nose, past the larynx, and bypassing the upper airway and laryngeal structures.
Endotracheal intubation
the reaction of the nasal mucosa to a specific allergen.
Allergic rhinitis
the hydrostatic force measured in the brain cerebrospinal fluid compartment.
Intracranial pressure
the administration of a nutritionally balanced, liquefied food or formula through a tube inserted into the stomach, duodenum, or jejunum.
Enteral nutrition
benign mucous membrane masses that form slowly in response to repeated inflammation of the sinus or nasal mucosa and project into the nasal cavity.
Nasal polyps
any clinically significant symptomatic condition or histopathologic alteration presumed to be secondary to reflux of gastric contents into the lower esophagus.
Gastroesophogeal reflux disorder
a disruption or break in the continuity of the structure of bone.
Fracture
agents capable of producing cellular alterations leading to the development or increasing the incidence of neoplastic growth.
Carcinogens
a method of swallowing air, trapping it in the esophagus, and releasing it to create sound.
Esophageal speech
a surgical procedure in which an opening is made to allow the passage of urine from the bladder or intestinal contents from the bowel through an incision or stoma surgically created in the wall of the abdomen.
Ostomy
an inflammatory disease of the heart that potentially involves all layers.
Rheumatic fever
an expandable meshlike structure designed to maintain vessel patency by compressing the arterial walls and resisting vasoconstriction.
Stent
a cardiac dysrhythmia characterized by a total disorganization of atrial electrical activity without effective atrial contraction.
Atrial fibrillation
the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures.
Pulse pressure
a common disorder characterized by sustained elevation of blood pressure.
Hypertension
the force that fluid exerts within a compartment.
Hydrostatic pressure
a lower respiratory tract infection of the lung parenchyma with onset in the community or during the first 2 days of hospitalization.
Community acquired pneumonia
a group of genetically transmitted diseases characterized by progressive symmetric wasting of skeletal muscle without evidence of neurologic involvement.
Muscular dystrophy
hypertrophy of the right side of the heart, with or without heart failure, resulting from pulmonary hypertension.
Cor pulmonale
