EXAM 3 Flashcards
producing <400 mL of urine in 24 hours
oliguria
(dialysis) that uses an artificial membrane as the semipermeable membrane through which the patient’s blood circulates
hemodialysis
a transient enlargement of one or both breasts in men
gynecomatia
the force that fluid exerts within a compartment
hydrostatic pressure
the state in which the PaO2 has fallen sufficiently to cause signs and symptoms of inadequate oygenation
hypoxia
an abnormal intrapertioneal accummulation of a fluid containing large amounts of protein and electrolytes as a result of portal hypertension
ascites
a thromboembolic occulsion of the pulmonary vasculature resulting from thrombi in the venous circulation or right side of the heart that travel as emboli until lodging in the pulmonary vessels
pulmonary embolism
artificial airway created by inserting a tube into the trachea through the mouth or nose, past the larynx, and bypassing the upper airway and laryngeal structures
endotracheal intubation
a gentle blowing, fluttering, or humming sound heard on auscultation and produced by turbulent blood flow through the heart or the walls of large arteries
murmur
an irreversible cardiac cellular death caused by sustained myocardial ischemia
myocardial infarction
shock occurring when either systolic of diastolic dysfunction of the myocardium results in compromised cardiac output
cardiogenic shock
a collection of risk factors that increase an individual’s change of developing cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus
metabolic syndrome
a severe and abrupt elevation in blood pressure
hypertensive crisis
a severe derangement of the heart rhythm characterized on ECG by irregular undulations of varying contour and amplitude
ventricular fibrillation
extra breath sounds that are not normally heard, such as crackles, rhonchi, wheezes, and pleural friction rubs
adventitious sounds
a constriction or narrowing
stenosis
formation of focal deposits of cholesterol and lipids known as atheromas or plaque, primarily within the intimal wall of arteries, that obstruct circulation
atherosclerosis
the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute
cardiac output
an acute, life threatening situation in which the lung alveoli become filled with serous or serousangineous fluid, caused most commonly by heart failure
pulmonary edema
elevated pulmonary pressure resulting from an increase in pulmonary vascular resistance to blood flow through small arteries and arterioles
pulmonary hypertension
a calculated average of systolic and diastolic blood pressures; calculated by adding the diastolic pressure to one third of the pulse pressures
mean arterial pressure
the continuous rumbling, snoring, or rattling sounds from obstruction of large airways with secretions
rhonci
a clinical syndrome in which there is a sustained increase in the synthesis and release of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland
hyperthyroidism
a group of diseases that directly affect the structural or functional ability of the myocardium
cardiomyopathy
a form of rhonchus characterized by a continuous high pitched squeaking sound caused by rapid vibration of bronchial walls
wheezes
an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the intrapleural spaces of the lungs
pleural effusion
a type of ventricular failure caused by impaired contractile function, increased afterload, or mechanical abnormalities
systolic failure
a reduction of the platelet count
thrombocytopenia
chest pain that is a clinical manifestation of reversible myocardial ischemia
angina
low oxygen tension in the blood characterized by a variety of nonspecific clinical signs and symptoms
hypoxemia
the volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of the diastole before the next contraction
preload
the resulting damage to the heart muscle and heart valves from rheumatic fever, a chronic condition characterized by scarring and deformity of the heart valves
rheumatic heart disease
a condition that occurs when an ectopic focus or foci fire repetitively and the ventricle takes control as the pacemaker
ventricular tachycardia
a cardiac dysrhythmia characterized by a total disorganizaiton of atrial electrical activity without effective atrial contraction
atrial fibrillation
the amount of blood filtered by the glomeruli in a given time
glomerular filtration rate
sustained lifts of the chest wall in the precordial area that can be seen or palpated
heaves
shortness of breath; difficulty breathing that may be caused by certain heart or lung conditions, strenuous exercise, or anxiety
dyspnea
sudden attacks of respiratory distress that awaken the sleeper, usually after several hours of sleep in a reclining position
paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
the peripheral resistance against which the left ventricle must pump
afterload
seizure characterized by a brief staring spell and a very brief loss of consciousness that usually occurs only in children and rarely continues beyond adolescence
absence (petit mal) seizures
a focal or diffuse inflammation of the myocardium
myocarditis
a temporary circulatory assist device used to enhance the function of a compromised heart by reducing afterload and augementing the aortic diastolic pressure
intraaortic balloon pump
a device that is applied externally or internally into the path of flowing blood to augment or replace the action of the ventricle of the heart
ventricular assist device
the site on the chest wall where the thrust or pulsation of the left ventricle is most prominent
point of maximal impulse
a common disorder characterized by sustained elevation of blood pressure
hypertension
a common cardiac dysrhythmia with atrial contractions that are so rapid that they prevent full repolarization of myocardial fibers between heartbeats
atrial fibrillation
a property of specialized excitable tissue in the heart that allows self activation through the spontaneous development of an action potential, such as in the pacemaker cells of the heart
automaticity
drugs that influence the rate of the hearbeat
chronotropic drugs
drugs that influence the conduction of electrical impulses within tissues
dromotrophic drugs
the proportion of blood that is ejected during each ventricular contraction compared with the total ventricular filling volume
ejection fraction
an abnormal condition in which the heart cannot pump enough blood to keep up with the body’s demand. It is often the result of myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, or cardiomyopathy
heart failure
drugs that influence the force of muscular contractions, particularly contraction of the heart muscle
inotropic drugs
the total amount of blood in the ventricle immediately before it contracts, or the preload
left ventricle end diastolic volume
the period during which a pulse generator is unresponsive to an electrical input signal, and during which it is impossible for the myocardium to respond. this is the period during which the cardiac cell is readjusting its sodium and potassium and cannot be depolarized
refractory period
