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Pharmacology > Respiratory and Endocrine > Flashcards

Respiratory and Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Mixed

A

(respiratory)

combination drugs for maintenance
NOT rescue

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2
Q

metformin (Glucophage)

A

(biguanide)

1st line treatment for type 2 diabetes
NO hypoglycemia

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3
Q

salmetrol (Serevent)

A

(bronchodilator - stimulate beta 2)

for asthma

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4
Q

albuterol (Proventil)

A

(bronchodilator - stimulate beta 2)

for asthma

first choice, inhaled

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5
Q

expectorants

A
  • thin respiratory secretions
  • relief of productive cough
  • can be combined in cold remedy formula
  • take only as needed
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6
Q

Humulin 70/30

A

(mixed insulin)

  • NPH 70%, Regular 30%
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7
Q

Humalog 75/25

A

(mixed insulin)

NPH 75%, Rapid 25%

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8
Q

insulin lispro (Humalog)

A

rapid release insulin

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9
Q

Humulin

A

regular short

subQ/IV

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10
Q

insulin isophane (NPH)

A

intermediate insulin

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11
Q 
insulin glargine (Lantus)
insulin detemir (Levimer)
A

long insulin

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12
Q

Insulin

A
  • synthesized pancreatic hormone
  • IV, SubQ, nasal
  • caution: hypoglycemia
  • given on U-100 increments

Don’t forget to memorize the chart!

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13
Q

phosphate salt (Neutra-Phos)

A

(calcium)

inhibits intestinal absorption of calcium and increases deposition of calcium in bones

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14
Q

calcium gluconate

A

(calcium)

  • IV
  • for hypocalcemia
  • calcium supplement + Vit D
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15
Q

calcium carbonate (Os-Cal)

A

(calcium)

  • for hypocalcemia
  • calcium supplement + Vit D

I believe this one is po

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16
Q

calcitonin

A

(calcium)

  • synthetic thyroid hormone
  • injectable or nasal
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17
Q

raloxifene (Evista)

A

(calcium-selective estrogen receptor modulator)

  • increase estrogen receptors on bone and increase bone density
  • Black box warning: risk for PE or stroke
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18
Q

pramlintide (Symlin)

A
  • slows gastric emptying
  • can be used with insulin, sulfonylures or metformin
  • hypoglycemia
  • given subQ
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19
Q

exenatide (Byetta)

A

(incretin mimetics)

  • use: type 2
  • adverse: GI upset
    subQ
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20
Q

sitagliptin (Januvia)

A

(incretin mimetics)

po

type 2 diabetes

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21
Q

incretin mimetics

A

hormones released by GI tract in response to food, slows gastric emptying and increases satiety

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22
Q

cosyntropin (Cortrosyn)

A

(hypothalamic/anterior pituitary)

stimulates secretion of cortisol

  • use: test of adrenal sufficiency
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23
Q

somatropin (Humatrope)

A

(hypothalamic/anterior pituitary)

promotes growth in kids

3x/week, IM

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24
Q

oxytocin (Pitocin)

A

(posterior pituitary)

induce labor, control postpartum bleeding

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25
Q

alpha glucosidase inhibitors (AGI)

A

inhibit enzymes in GI tract delaying digestion of complex carbs

  • adverse: GI upset, bloating, will not cause hypoglycemia
  • must take with meal
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26
Q

miglitol (Glycet)

A

(AGI)

inhibit enzymes in GI tract delaying digestion of complex carbs

  • DOES NOT cause hypoglycemia
  • take with meal
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27
Q

acarbose (Precose)

A

(AGI)

inhibit enzymes in GI tract delaying digestion of complex carbs

  • DOES NOT cause hypoglycemia
  • take with meal
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28
Q

repaglinide (Prandin)

A

(meglitinide)

  • type 2 diabetes specifically
  • similar to sulfonylures - NEVER pair
  • facilitates pancreas to produce more insulin after a meal
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29
Q

meglitinides

A
  • facilitates pancreas to produce more insulin after a meal
  • type 2
  • never pair with sulfonylures

Adverse:
- hypoglycemia, weight gain, GI issues

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30
Q

propylthiouracil (PTU)

A

(antithyroid drug)

  • Thiomide (she doesn’t explain this .. guess its a class?)
  • for hyperthyroidism, and thyroid crisis
  • suppress thyroid hormone and prevent conversion of T4 to T3
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31
Q

Radioactive iodine (Sodium iodide 131)

A

(antithyroid drug)

  • beta and gamma rays destroy thyroid tissue
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32
Q

Lugol’s solution

A

(antithyroid drug)

  • iodine solution
  • hyperthyroidism, thyroid crisis
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33
Q

Potassium iodine (SSKI)

A

(antithyroid drug)

  • iodine solution
  • hyperthyroidism, thyroid crisis
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34
Q

diphenhydramine (Benadryl)

A

(antihistamine)

  • First generation: drowsiness issue
  • seasonal allergic rhinitis
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35
Q

fexofenadrine (Allegra)

A

(antihistamine)

  • second generation
  • seasonal allergic rhinitis

take with food, safety, for seasonal - take regularly

36
Q

loratadine (Claritin)

A

(antihistamine)

  • second generation
  • seasonal allergic rhinitis

take with food, safety, for seasonal - take regularly

37
Q

antihistamines

A

antagonize the action of histamine by occupying receptor sites

38
Q

nasal decongestants

A

shrink engorged nasal mucosa by constricting arterioles and decreasing blood flow to nasal mucosa

  • relives nasal congestion
  • can cause nervousness, insomnia, and palpitations
  • contraindicated with severe hypertension (look for heart on the box - means it can be taken by people with hypertension)
  • tolerance dependance
39
Q

oxymetazolin (Afrin)

A

nasal decongestant

40
Q

phenylephrine (NeoSynephrine)

A

nasal decongestant

41
Q

pseudoephedrine (Sudafed)

A

nasal decongestant

  • cannot be taken by people with hypertension
  • tolerance
42
Q

dextromethorpan (Benylin)

A

(anti-tussive)

non-opiod - non-narcotic
relieves dry, hacking cough

43
Q

codeine/hydrocodone added to syrup

A

(anti-tussive)

opiod-narcotic
- used to relieve dry, hacking cough

44
Q

anti-tussives

A

suppress cough center in the medulla

relief of dry, hacking cough

45
Q

guaifenesin (Mucinex, Robitussin)

A

(expectorant)

  • relief of productive cough
  • thins respiratory secretions
46
Q

bronchodilators

A
  • stimulate beta 2
  • use: asthma
  • adverse: increase heart rate and force of contraction
  • contraindications: cardiac tachyarrythmias, severe CAD, HTN, DM (? diabetes?)
47
Q

xanthines

A
  • cause bronchodilation
  • adverse: CNS stimulation, increase cardiac output, restlessness, convulsions, tachycardia
  • not first line agent
  • therapeutic level 5-15mcg/mL
  • Toxicity: seizures, arrythmias
48
Q

theophylline (Theo-dur, Aminophylline)

A

causes bronchodilation

not 1st line agent

49
Q

epinephrine (Adrenaline)

A

(bronchodilator - stimulate beta 2)

for asthma
given sq

50
Q

biguanides

A

decreased hepatic glucose production and decreased intestinal absorption of glucose

  • Use: 1st line treatment for type 2
  • does not cause hypoglycemia
  • contraindicated - renal disease
  • adverse: GI, bloating, N/D
51
Q

octreotide (Sandostatin)

A
  • inhibits growth hormone release

- use: acromegaly, carcinoid tumors, antidiarrheals

52
Q

vasopressin (Pitressin)

A

(posterior pituitary)

synthetic anti-diuretic hormone

use: severe hypotension, shock, diabetes insipidus
- monitors: water intoxication - chest pain, MI, high BP, abdominal cramps

53
Q

rosiglitazone (Avandia)

A

increases effectiveness of circulatory insulin

Black Box warning: fluid retention, edema, heart failure, and MI

54
Q

Leukotriene modifiers

A
  • bronchoconstriction and inflammation
  • used with bronchodilators and steroids
  • PREVENTION ONLY
  • adverse: N/V, HA, infection
  • contraindications: liver disease
55
Q

montelukast (Singular)

A

(leukotriene modifier)

bronchoconstriction and inflammation

used with bronchodilators and steroids

56
Q

zafirlukast (Accolate)

A

(leukotriene modifier)

bronchoconstriction and inflammation

used with bronchodilators and steroids

57
Q

Sulfonylures

A

increase insulin excretion from pancreas

  • use: type 2
  • adverse: hypoglycemia, weight gain, GI issues
  • contraindicated: renal disease
58
Q

glipizide (Glucotrol)

A

(sulfonylures)

  • second generation
  • type 2 diabetes
  • hypoglycemia risk
59
Q

alendronate (Fosamax)

A

(calcium-biphosphate)

inhibit breakdown of bone

sit up for 30 mins after taking

60
Q

fluticasone/salmetrol (Advair)

A

(mixed)

  • inhaled steroid and long lasting beta 2
  • maintenance NOT rescue
61
Q

ipratropium/albuterol (Combivent)

A

(mixed)

anticholinergic and short term beta 2

  • maintenance NOT rescue
62
Q

liothyronine (Cytomel)

A

(thyroid agent)

  • stimulate metabolism and cardiac function
  • replacement hormone
  • given to replace what the thyroid cannot produce
  • adverse: none unless given inappropriate dose
  • caution in elderly
63
Q

levothyroxine (Synthroid)

A

(thyroid agent)

  • stimulate metabolism and cardiac function
  • replacement hormone
  • given to replace what the thyroid cannot produce
  • adverse: none unless given inappropriate dose
  • caution in elderly
64
Q

corticosteroids

A
  • suppress inflammation
  • decrease mucus production
  • decrease edema
  • inhaled, IV, po
  • Adverse: inhaled avoids systemic problems, impaired growth in children, dry mouth, cough
  • short term treatment
  • does not cure - control symptoms
65
Q

methylprednisone

(Solu-Medrol) - endocrine

A

(corticosteroid)

  • IV
  • decrease inflammation, mucus production and edema
  • anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, anti-allergic, and anti-stress
66
Q

triamcinolone (Azmacort)

A

(corticosteroid)

  • inhaled
  • decrease inflammation, mucus production and edema
67
Q

prednisone

prednisone (Deltasone) - endocrine

A

(corticosteroid)

  • po
  • decrease inflammation, mucus production and edema
  • anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, anti-allergic, and anti-stress
68
Q

fluticasone (Flonase)

A

(corticosteroid)

  • inhaled
  • decrease inflammation, mucus production and edema
69
Q

beclomethasone (Beclovent)

A

(corticosteroid)

  • inhaled
  • decrease inflammation, mucus production and edema
70
Q

budesonide (Pulmicort)

A

(corticosteroid)

  • inhaled
  • decrease inflammation, mucus production and edema
71
Q

dexamethasone (Decadron)

A

(corticosteroid - endocrine)

  • IV
  • anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, anti-allergic, and anti-stress
72
Q

anticholinergics

A
  • block action of acetylcholine in bronchial smooth muscle
  • use: for maintenance therapy for bronchitis/emphysema
  • Adverse: nervousness, HA, hypotension and GI distress
73
Q

tiotropium (Spiriva)

A

(anticholingeric)

for: maintanence therapy for bronchitis/emphysema

NOT for rescue

74
Q

ipratropium (Atrovent)

A

(anticholingeric)

for: maintanence therapy for bronchitis/emphysema

NOT for rescue

75
Q

Nursing Implications of Bronchodilators

A
  • teach prevention
  • use of inhaler: wait 3-5 mins between puffs, rinse mouth
  • may use spacer
  • bronchodilator first then other inhaler
  • mark rescue inhaler for easy ID
76
Q

Nursing implications of corticosteroids

A
  • usually not given in acute attack
  • may be given alone or with bronchodilator
  • use corticosteroid inhaler last
  • gargle after use - fungal infections
77
Q

Nursing implications of hypothalamic/anterior pituitary hormones

A
  • inappropriate use of growth hormone (athletic)
  • used for anti-aging
  • link between growth hormone and tumor growth
  • monitor height growth
78
Q

Adverse effects of corticosteroids

A
  • moon face
  • obese trunk with thin extremities
  • hyperglycemia
  • psychosis
  • osteoporosis
  • paper think skin
  • slow healing
79
Q

Nursing implications of thyroid agents

A
  • given IV or po
  • monitor pulse and BP
  • withhold med with HR > 100bpm
  • take in am prior to breakfast
  • monitor weight
  • life long replacement
  • do not take with iron or calcium
  • do not switch brands
  • monitor thyroid function
80
Q

Nursing implications and Adverse reactions of antithyroid agents

A

Adverse:
- hypothyroidism, iodine toxicity, agranulocytosis

Nursing:

  • monitor pulse, BP, weight
  • mix iodine in full glass of liquid, drink with straw, metallic taste
  • iodine toxicity - abd pain, vomiting, diarrhea, and glottis edema
  • radioactive iodine causes hyporthyroidism and will require lifelong thyroid replacement
81
Q

Insulin Onset/Peak/Duration

A

insulin lispro (Humalog):
15 min (O)
30min-90min (P)
6-8 hrs (D)

regular insulin (Humulin):
30min-60min (O)
2-3 hrs (P)
5-7 hrs (D)

insulin isophane (NPH):
60min-90min (O)
8-12 hrs (P)
18-24 hrs (D)

insulin glargine or detemir:
1 hr (O)
NONE (P)
6-23hrs (D)

82
Q

Nursing implications of Insulin

A
  • monitor blood sugars
  • hemoglobin A1C
  • Teach: techniques for administration, need to time food with peaks, emergency simple sugars on hand, signs/symps of hypo/hyperglycemia
83
Q

Nursing implications of Biguanides

A
  • take with meals to decrease stomach upset
  • discontinue 48 hours before diagnostic tests
  • monitor blood glucose
  • need to diet/exercise
84
Q

Nursing implications of sulfonylures

A
  • monitor blood glucose
  • take before meals
  • teach signs/symps of hypoglycemia
  • diet/exercise
85
Q

Nursing implications of meglitinides

A
  • give a dose with each meal, if you skip a meal = no dose
  • give 15-30 min before meal
  • monitor blood glucose

Pharmacology (7 decks)

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