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Hns. A+P > Respiratory And Digestive System > Flashcards

Respiratory And Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Nasal cavity

A 
Divided by nasal septum 
Superior region contains olfactory receptors 
Lines by respiratory mucosa 
Network of veins 
*warm the air*
*nosebleeds* 
Produces mucus 
*moistens air and traps bacteria* 
Nasal conchae 
3 valley - swirl air 
Lysosomes destroy 
Bacteria 
Cilia 
Move mucus toward the throat
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2
Q

Pharynx (throat)

A 
Passage for both air and food
5" long
Nasophayrnx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
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3
Q

Nasopharynx

A

Above the soft palate
Soft palate and uvula move up and close region off
Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid): immune
Pharyngotympanic tubes: drainage

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4
Q

Oropharynx

A 
Food and air 
Palatine tonsils (lateral walls) 
Lingual tonsil (posterior tongue)
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5
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

Superior to epiglottis

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6
Q

Larnyx (voice box)

A

Airway, switch board for food and air (epiglottis), and voice
Size of larynx changes how your voice will sound
8 cartilages (8 hyaline, 1 elastic)
Largest thyroid cartilage (Adam’s apple)
Larger in men
Epiglottis at top

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7
Q

Trachea, and cricoid cartilages

A

Part of nose

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8
Q

Vocal folds or true vocal cords

A

Vibrate with expelled air

Slit-like passage between cord - glottis

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9
Q

Trachea (wind pipe)

A

4” and end in mid chest
Rigid - c - shaped hyaline
soft area allows esophagus to expand
hard areas resist changes in air pressure

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10
Q

Cilia

A

Propel mucus away from lungs

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11
Q

Main Bronchi

A

Right and left divide from trachea
Right main bronchus is wider, shorter, and straighter than the left
Air is warm, clean and humidified

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12
Q

Lungs

A 
2.5 lbs
Soft and spongy 
Apex: deep to clavicle 
Base: rests on diaphragm 
Left lung: 2 lobes 
Right lung: 3 lobes 
Surface covered by pulmonary (Visceral) pleura 
Walls of thoracic cavity lined with parietal pleura
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13
Q

Parietal pleura

A
  • pleural fluid between pleura*
  • allows lungs to glide while breathing*
  • strongly sticks them together*
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14
Q

Main bronchi

A

Divide into smaller branches

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15
Q

Bronchioles

A

Smallest conducting passages

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16
Q

Alveoli

A

Air sacs

gas exchange

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17
Q

Breathing inspiration

A

External intercostal muscles and the diaphragm contract —- lung volume increases and lung pressure decreases

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18
Q

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities

A

Size, sex, age and physical condition

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19
Q

Tidal volume (TV)

A

normal breathing

*500mL of air/breath

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20
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

air forcibly taken in over tidal volume

*2100-3200mL of air beyond title volume

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21
Q

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

air forcibly exhaled after normal expiration *1200mL

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22
Q

Residual volume (RV)

A

amount of air not able to exhale

  • 1200mL
  • respiration between breaths
  • keeps alveoli open
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23
Q

Vital capacity (VC)

A

total amount of exchangeable air
* 4800mL
VC = TV + IRV + ERV

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24
Q

Deep space volume

A

air never reaches alveoli

* 150mL

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25
Q

Digestive system

A 
Two major groups
Alimentary canal
Main jobs: ingest, digest, absorb, + defecate 
Accessory Organs: 
Main jobs: assist digestion
26
Q

Digestion process

A 
Ingestion
Propulsion
Mechanical digestion
Chemical digestion
Absorption
Defecation
27
Q

Ingestion

A

Taking food in

28
Q

Propulsion

A

movement
Ways we move things throughout digestive system
Swallowing
Peristalsis

29
Q

Swallowing

A

Voluntary

30
Q

Peristalsis

A

alternating waves of muscle contraction.

31
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

breaking apart/mixing food, but it’s not actually digesting. The food hasn’t yet changed the chemical property. Apple is still apple.
Includes
Chewing
Churning of stomach

32
Q

Chemical digestion

A

breaks chemical bonds

Apple breaks down into component chemicals

33
Q

Absorption

A

passage of digested material into the body

34
Q

Defecation

A

elimination of indigestible substances

35
Q

Tissue layers

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa

36
Q

Mucosa (inner most)

A

Moist membrane lining, covers intestinal tract.

Produces mucus

37
Q

Submucosa

A

Soft connective tissue
Contains
blood vessels, nerves, + lymph nodes

38
Q

Muscularis externa

A

Smooth muscle layer

39
Q

Serosa (outermost)

A

visceral peritoneum-produce fluid

*Lumen-canal in center

40
Q

Alimentary Canal

A 
Coiled, hollow, muscular tube 
Technically external to the body. Opened on both end.
A little pocket of space
Goes from the mouth to the anus 
9m (30ft
41
Q

Oral cavity (mouth)

A 
Lips (labia): Anterior opening 
Cheeks: lateral walls 
Roof of mouth
Hard palate: anterior roof 
Soft palate: posterior roof 
Uvula: posterior edge of soft palate
Vestibule: space between lips/cheeks and teeth/gums
Oral cavity proper: space within the teeth 
Tongue: bony attachment 
hyoid bone and styloid process
Lingual frenulum: attach to floor 
Food
Mixed with saliva (amylase - breaks starch) 
Masticated (chewed)
Tasted: taste buds 
Bolus (ball)
42
Q

Pharynx

A

Passage for food and air

43
Q

Esophagus (gullet)

A

25cm (10”)
Varies depending on size
Peristalsis
Ends at cardio esophageal sphincter (muscle that is a ring in shape)
If does not work properly can cause acid build up (acid reflex, heartburn)

44
Q

Stomach

A 
Minor role in digestin 
Storage area 
C-shaped
Left side 
15-25cm in length 
Diameter/volume 
*empty = 50 mL
*full = 4 L
 Storage and food breakdown 
Muscularis externa 
*churning/mixing
*longitudinal, circular, oblique
45
Q

Stomach regions

A 
Cardiac region 
*contains cardio esophageal sphincter
Fundus 
Body
Pyloric region
*terminal end 
*pyloric sphincter
46
Q

Gastric pits

A 
Produce gastric juice 
Digestive liquid 
Pepsin (breaks proteins) 
Renin (milk in infants) 
Lipase (fats) 
HCI: activates enzymes 
*pH 2
Gastrin: hormone that controls gastric juice production
47
Q

Chyme

A

Food + gastric juice (essentially vomit)

48
Q

Propulsion

A

Peristalsis
Pyloric holds 30mL of chyme
Send about 3mL at a time to the small intestine
4-6 hours

49
Q

Small intestine

A 
6-7m (2-4m in living) 
Duodenum (5% of length, 25cm) 
*area of most chemical digestion
*hepatopancreatic ampulla (delivery system from pancreas to liver) 
Bile duct - bile from liver
Pancreatic dust - pancreatic juice 
Jejunum (2.5m) 
*absorption 
Ileum (3.6m) 
*absorption
*ileocecal valve
50
Q

Small Intestinal Wall

A

Villi - finger like projections
Microvilli - projections in individual
*3-6 hours

51
Q

Large intestine

A 
Larger in diameter 
1.5m in length 
Absorbs water 
Cecum 
*ileocecal valve
*Appendix
Appendix 
*vestigal organ 
*lynph tissue
52
Q

Colon

A

ascending: right
*transverse: acros
*descending: left
*sigmoid: at the pelvis
S-shaped

53
Q

Rectum

A 
3 folds (rectal valves) 
Separate feces and flatus
54
Q

Anal canal (3cm)

A

ends at anus
Internal involuntary sphincter
External voluntary sphincter

55
Q

Accessory organs

A 
Teeth 
Salivary glands
Pancreas
Liver
Gallbladder
56
Q

Teeth

A 
Baby teeth 
*6 mos - 24 mos 
*20 
*6-12 lose them 
Permanent 
*32
*17-25 - wisdom teeth
57
Q

Salivary glands

A

Saliva (1000-1500mL)
97-99% H2O
Enzymes (amylace), electrolytes, mucus

58
Q

Pancreas

A

Makes pancreatic juice (1200-1500ml)
*water, electrolytes, bicarbonate (base), amylace (starch), lipase (lipids), nucleases (nucleic acids), trypsin, chymotripsin, carboxypeptidase (proteins)
Secreted into duodenum

59
Q

Liver

A

Largest gland in body
4 lobes
Produces bile

60
Q

Bile

A

Yellow/green
Bile salts: emulsify fat (break down)
Bilirubin: waste of hemoglobin
Becomes brown color of feces

61
Q

Gallbladder

A

Green, muscular sac
Stores/concentrates bile
Empties into duodenum

62
Q

Nose

A

Only externally visible part of the system

Air travels through the nostrils (nares) into nasal cavity

Hns. A+P (2 decks)

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