Respiratory and Cardiovascular System

Question 1

Larynx

Answer 1

the top portion of the respiratory tract. also known as the voice box. inferior to the pharynx, superior to the trachea

Question 2

Trachea

Answer 2

the portion that goes down through the neck, the esophagus is posterior to the trachea. held open by cartilaginous rings. housed in the Mediastinum

Question 3

Mediastinum

Answer 3

houses the heart (enclosed in pericardium). the thymus, trachea, esophagus, and great vessels. Medial to the pleural cavities (sort of the middle of the chest). inferior to the vertebral cavity and superior to the abdominal cavity and diaphragm.

Question 4

Thoracic Cavity

Answer 4

• most of the major organs of the cardiovascular and respiratory system are in here
• bordered caudally by the diaphragm, anteriorly by the sternum and ribs, and posteriorly by the thoracic vertebrae and ribs
• divided into the bilateral pleural cavities, mediastinum, and pericardial cavity
• in an axial section, its kidney-shaped with the indentation being the vertebral bodies

Question 5

Pleural or Pulmonary cavities

Answer 5

• contains the lungs and pleura
• pleural sac is double-walled creating 2 pleural membranes (visceral pleura is adjacent to lung, parietal pleura is adjacent to the thoracic wall)
• space between the 2 pleural membranes forms the pleural cavity and contains a small volume of lubricating fluid (maintains negative pressure and allows for smooth gliding)

Question 6

Lungs

Answer 6

• both oxygenate the blood and eliminate metabolic waste, differ in structure and contact with adjacent organs
• both have a costal surface adjacent to the ribs (anterior, lateral and posterior sides), a wide base or diaphragmatic surface, relatively narrow apex (at the top)

Question 7

Left Lung

Answer 7

• has an antero-medial indent called cardiac notch where the apex of the heart bumps into lung due to left deviation
• anterior projection of the L lung adjacent to the cardiac notch= liguna (little tongue in Latin)
• has 2 lobes
• has only superior and inferior lobes divided by a single oblique fissure

Question 8

Right Lung

Answer 8

• has a superior, middle, and inferior lobe

- lobes divided by a horizontal fissure (cranially) and an oblique fissure (caudally)

Question 9

Primary Bronchi

Answer 9

• the first branching off the trachea to the lungs at the carina (the division point)
• first divisions of the tracheobronchial tree.
• one to each lung

Question 10

Lobar or Secondary Bronchi

Answer 10

the second branch off the tracheobronchial tree, arises from the primary bronchi. superior to the Tertiary/Segmental Bronchi, inferior to the Primary Bronchi. one to each lobe of the lung

Question 11

Tertiary or Segmental Bronchi

Answer 11

Superior to the conducting bronchioles, inferior to the Lobar or Secondary bronchi. nearing the bottom of the tracheobronchial tree

Question 12

Conducting Bronchioles

Answer 12

• dramatic branching occurs here, 20-25 generations of branching with succeeding smaller divisions- conducting bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, terminating at the alveoli

Question 13

Hilum

Answer 13

• on the medial surface of both lungs
• the point of attachment and entry of pulmonary arteries and veins as well as the primary bronchi
• contains the primary or secondary/lobar bronchi

Question 14

De-oxygenated blood pathway

Answer 14

De-oxy blood-> Superior and Inferior Vena Cava -> R atrium-> R atrioventricular/tricuspid valve -> R ventricle -> pulmonary trunk -> R and L pulmonary artery -> lungs.

Question 15

Oxygenated blood pathway

Answer 15

Oxy-blood -> R and L pulmonary veins -> L atrium -> L atrioventricular or bicuspid valve -> L Ventricle -> ascending aorta -> aortic arch + 3 branches -> descending branch

Question 16

Pericardium

Answer 16

• connective tissue sac that encompasses the heart and the proximal portions of the great vessel
• provides a lubricated membrane that protects the heart and facilitates its movement of contraction and relaxation
• external portion is the fibrous pericardium, continuous with the central tendon of the diaphragm
• internal layer is the serous pericardium, further divided into the parietal and visceral pericardium, contains the pericardial cavity

Question 17

Pericarditis

Answer 17

• inflammation of the serous pericardium (inner layer)
• reduces its capacity to permit smooth heart mvmt, causing the layers of serous pericardium to run against each other and the heart

Question 18

The apex of the heart

Answer 18

• at the bottom of the heart, where the point is on the L

Question 19

Aorta

Answer 19

1- ascending aorta
2- aortic arch with 3 branches
3- descending or thoracic aorta

Question 20

Aortic arch

Answer 20

1st branch is the Brachiocephalic artery/trunk and divides into 2 things- R common Carotid artery, R subclavian artery
2nd branch is the L Common Carotid
3rd branch is the L subclavian artery

Question 21

Subclavian Artery-> arm

Answer 21

Subclavian travels below the clavicle-> Axillary artery in the shoulder -> Brachial artery in the biceps on both sides -> elbow where it divides into Radial and Ulnar arteries

Question 22

Descending Aorta

Answer 22

• also called thoracic aorta
• goes into the abdominal aorta next -> splits into the common iliac L and R-> to External iliac and internal iliac. external -> femoral artery. Internal -> glutes and is smaller

Question 23

wrist-> heart veins

Answer 23

Radial or ulnar veins -> Brachial vein-> Axillary vein -> subclavian vein -> brachiocephalic vein -> superior Vena Cava

Question 24

Head -> heart veins

Answer 24

internal jugular -> subclavian vein -> Brachiocephalic vein -> Superior Vena Cava

Question 25

quads -> aorta

Answer 25

Femoral artery-> external iliac artery -> common iliac artery -> abdominal aorta -> thoracic aorta/descending aorta -> aortic arch -> ascending aorta