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BPK 325 Final Structures > Brain > Flashcards

Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What is a gyrus

A

The upper portion of the brain texture. Mountains part of the mountains and valleys

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2
Q

What is a Sulcus

A

The hollows of the brain texture, the valleys of the mountains and valleys. Sucli divide or demarcate anatomical and functional regions of cortex

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3
Q

Frontal Lobe

A
  • Spans from the anterior portion of the cranium to the central sulcus
  • nicknamed the ‘action cortex’ as it primarily facilitates skeletal mvmt, control, and emotional expression
  • has L and R hemispheres
    as many specialized areas
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4
Q

Precentral Gyrus

A
  • located in the Frontal lobe
  • lies anterior to the central sulcus and extends to the precentral sulcus
  • majority is attributed as the primary motor cortex (comprised of descending motor pathways, the mediator of motor commands)
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5
Q

Broca’s Area

A
  • located in the Frontal lobe
  • lies on the inferior border of the precentral gyrus
  • responsible for the motor aspects of speed production
  • damage to this area leads to a condition called Broca’s or Expressive Aphasia
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6
Q

What is Broca’s or Expressive Aphasia

A

the inability to produce speech, whilst maintaining comprehension of speech. caused by damage to Broca’s area in the frontal lobe, on the inferior border of the precentral gyrus

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7
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

involved in executive function- personality, insight, and foresight
- located in the frontal lobe

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8
Q

Postcentral gyrus

A
  • located on the parietal lobe
  • posterior to the precentral gyrus
    extends to the postcentral sulcus
  • intraparietal sulcus runs posteriorly from the postcentral sulcus and terminates toward the occipital lobe
  • acts as the primary somatosensory cortex- tasked with cortical processing of both tactile and proprioception integration
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9
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A
  • located on the superio-posterior portion of the temporal lobe
  • usually unilateral with Broca’s area (meaning it resides on only one hemisphere, usually the left)
  • responsible for comprehension and development of speech
  • extensive damage to this area results in Wernicke’s or Fluent Aphasia
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10
Q

What is Wernicke’s or Fluent Aphasia

A

extensive damage to Wernicke’s Area results in a patient fluently connecting words in speech, but the spoken phrases will not resemble coherent speech

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11
Q

Occipital Lobe

A
  • exclusively concerned with visual function
  • primary visual cortex and is tasked with processing moving and static objects and pattern recognition
  • interposed by the calcarine sulcus
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12
Q

Limbic Lobe

A
  • a strip of cortex between the corpus callosum, frontal, parietal, and occipital lobes
  • mainly collection of both cingulate and para-hippocampal gyri
  • Limbic system plays a major role in drive-related behavior, emotional response, and memory. motivational and behavioral behaviors, homeostasis, and sexual behavior
  • only visible on the medial surface of a bisected brain along the mid-sagittal plane
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13
Q

Cingulate Gyrus

A

lies superior to the corpus callosum and runs posteriorly until the splenium of the corpus callosum to which it becomes the para-hippocampal gyrus

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14
Q

Corpus Callosum

A
  • commissural fibers
  • located between the left and right hemispheres and connect the 2 hemispheres, allowing them to communicate signals.
  • can be cut to alleviate severe seizures
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15
Q

Parietal Lobe

A
  • located posterior to the central sulcus and frontal lobe, and anterior to the occipital lobe, and superior to the temporal lobe
  • located between the central and parieto-occipital sulcus
  • includes the primary somatosensory cortex (postcentral gyrus)
  • integrates sensory information from the skin such as touch, temp, pain, and special senses like vision and hearing
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16
Q

Temporal lobe

A
  • located inferior to the parietal and frontal lobes, and anterior to the occipital lobe
  • contains Wernicke’s area
  • tasked with communication with the hippocampus in relation to long-term memory control
  • processes auditory and some visual sensory input
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17
Q

Occipital Lobe

A
  • bounded by the parietal and temporal lobes of both hemispheres
  • acts as the visual processing area of the brain
  • important functions such as visuospatial processing, distance/depth perception, and object and facial recognition
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18
Q

Central Sulcus

A
  • also called Sulcus of Rolando

- anatomical separation between the frontal and parietal lobes

19
Q

Lateral Sulcus

A
  • also called the Sylvian Fissure (fissure is deeper than a sulcus)
  • separates the frontal lobe from the temporal lobe
20
Q

Parieto-Occipital Sulcus

A

separates the parietal and occipital lobes. visible on the medial surface

21
Q

Cingulate Sulcus

A
  • anterior to the cingulate gyrus
  • separates the cingulate gyrus/Limbic lobe from the frontal, parietal and occipital lobes
  • located on the medial surface
22
Q

Calcarine Fissure

A

divides the occipital lobe into 2 regions. located at the most caudal/posterior portion of the brain. located on the medial side of a bisected brain in mid-sagittal plane

23
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • attached to posterior surface of the brainstem. has hemispheres
  • defined as the little brain- contains as many neurons as the rest of the collective nervous system
  • concerned primarily with the processing of sensory information, providing sensory feedback to help achieve precise and coordinated mvmts
24
Q

Midbrain

A
  • most superior portion of the brain stem

- connected to the cortex by the white matter, cerebral peduncle that is filled with axons

25
Q

Axons in the midbrain

A
  • connect the midbrain to the cortex
  • are considered white matter due to axon presence
  • connects further to the rest of the body
  • some axons are motor (therefore descending), others are ascending
  • there is a bidirectional flow of information between the cortex and the brainstem that occurs at the midbrain
26
Q

Pons

A
  • very distinctive portion of the brainstem, has a very bulbous anterior bulge
  • inferior to the midbrain, superior to the medulla oblongata
27
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A
  • most inferior portion of the brainstem, below the pons.
  • anatomically continuous with the spinal cord, there is a gradual transition from medulla tissue to spinal cord
  • responsible for many basic autonomic functions like breathing, cardiac function, and various reflexes
28
Q

Cranial nerves

A
  • there are 12 pairs that exit the CNS to the body at the brainstem, divided into 4 spinal cord sections
29
Q

Spinal Cord

A
  • divided into 4 regions- cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral and contained within the vertebral canal
  • the spinal cord ends at about L2, the rest of the spine below is the spinal nerves only (each spine segment gives rise to a pair of spinal nerves)
  • there is an anterior and posterior side, but they are ventral and dorsal
  • grey matter in the cord is on the inside (makes and H or butterfly shape), outside is white matter
30
Q

Dorsal and Ventral Spinal Cord

A
  • dorsal horn and ventral horn go in intuitive directions
  • ventral side has the ventral root which carries sensory info out to muscles
  • dorsal side has the dorsal root, carries sensory info in
  • these sides come together to form the spinal nerve below L2
31
Q

Spinal Cord and Vertebrae

A
  • don’t line up perfectly
  • cervical is about horizontal and lines up except there is C8 cord and only C7 vertebrae
  • thoracic is somewhat lined up
  • lumbar is not lined up, but still innervated from the spinal cord by the nerves, cord ends at L2 level and then the nerves just go to the sacral segment
32
Q

Common Carotid Artery

A

larger carotid artery that gives rise to the internal and external carotids. there is one on each side of the neck. Right common carotid artery originates from the brachiocephalic artery

33
Q

Internal Carotid Artery

A
  • originates from the common carotid on each side of the neck
  • supplies blood to the anterior brain (travels more posterior than the external), entering the skull through the carotid canal (an opening in the temporal bone)
  • takes 2 90degree turns before reaching the base of the brain
  • each internal carotid gives rise to a middle and anterior cerebral artery (one set on each side)
34
Q

External Carotid Artery

A
  • Branches off of the common carotid with the internal carotid
  • supplies the face with blood circulation as it stays more on the surface and anterior
35
Q

Middle Cerebral Artery

A
  • inside the skull at the bottom, this artery goes out toward the midlines and supplies the sides of the skull
  • travels laterally and branches extensively to supply most of the lateral cerebral cortex
36
Q

Anterior Cerebral Arteries

A
  • travels medially and branches extensively to supply most of the medial cerebral cortex
  • anterior goes forward and supplies the front of the head
  • there is a L and R
37
Q

Anterior Communicating Artery

A

Connects the L and R anterior cerebral arteries

38
Q

Posterior Communicating Arteries

A

Connects the anterior and posterior circulation systems (specifically connecting the middle cerebral and the posterior cerebral arteries). Has a L and R

39
Q

Vertebral Arteries

A
  • come up to the skull form both sides of the vertebrae (there is a L and R)
  • the anterior spinal artery goes up the spine between them and connects with them before they converge
40
Q

Basilar Artery

A
  • the larger artery between the vertebral arteries and the posterior cerebral arteries
  • has smaller arteries branching off of it
41
Q

Posterior Cerebral Arteries

A
  • L and R
  • between the posterior communicated arteries and the basilar artery
  • is a terminal branch of the basilar artery
  • supplies the occipital lobe, midbrain, inferomedial surface of the temporal lobe, and the thalamus (plus some plexus of the 3rd ventricle)
42
Q

Stroke

A
  • most commonly in the MCA
  • is a disruption of blood flow, producing ischemic tissue damage
  • ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke
43
Q

Right ACA stroke

A
  • impairment on the left side of the lower body
  • minimal sensory impairment
  • may experience a period of muteness or mixed aphasia
44
Q

Stroke- no R arm mvmt, understand speech, unable to speak

A
  • Left hemisphere
  • Broca’s area impaired
    = ACA (MCA?) stroke

BPK 325 Final Structures (3 decks)

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