Respiratory Anatomy - Lungs and Pleura Flashcards
What does the upper respiratory tract include?
Nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx
What does the lower respiratory tract consist of?
Trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles to alveoli
Where does the trachea bifurcate?
Level of sternal angle - lower border of T4 vertebrae
What is the conducting portion of the tracheobronchial tree?
No gas exchange occurs
From trachea to terminal bronchioles
What is the respiratory portion of the tracheobronchial tree?
Gas exchange occurs
From respiratory bronchioles to alveolus
What are the lobes of the lungs?
Left - Superior and Inferior
Right - Superior, middle and inferior
What are the borders of the lungs?
Anterior, posterior and inferior
What are the surfaces of the lungs?
Costal, mediastinal and diaphragmatic
What is the lung hilum?
Area located on mediastinal surface of the lung
What is the lung root?
Is a group of structures that enter or leave the hilum of the lung
What are the major structures related to the left lung - mediastinal surface?
Heart, aortic arch, descending thoracic aorta, oesophagus, left subclavian vein and artery
What are the major structures related to the right lung - mediastinal surface?
Heart, inferior vena cava, superior vena cava, oesophagus, right subclavian artery and vein
Right and left brachiocephalic vein
Describe the bronchopulmonary segments?
10 segments in each lung - each segment is an individual unit
What is the blood supply of the lungs?
Bronchial arteries - thoracic aorta (2 on left) and posterior intercostal artery (1 right)
What are the bronchial veins of the lung?
Azygous and accessory hemiazygos system
Describe the lymphatic drainage of the lungs?
Pulmonary LN - Bronchopulmonary LN - Tracheobronchial LN - Broncho-mediastinal LN - Broncho-mediastinal lymph trunk
What is the autonomic innervation of the lungs?
Pulmonary plexus
Parasympathetic - vagus nerve
Sympathetic - T2 to T5
Describe the pleura of the lungs?
Lungs and inferior of the thorax are covered by pleural membranes
Parietal and Visceral pleura - between is pleural fluid
What is the nerve supply of the parietal pleura?
Somatic nerves - intercostal and phrenic nerves which can detect pain and sensation
What is the nerve supply of the visceral pleura?
Autonomic nerves
Describe pleural reflection
Place where parietal pleura changes directions
Describe the pleural recess
The increases space between the layers of pleura occurring at the pleural reflections
What are the 2 reflections + recesses?
Costomediastinal
Costodiaphragmatic
Describe the inferior margin of the lung
Midclavicular line - rib 6
Midaxillary line - rib 8
Paravertebral line - rib 10
Describe the inferior margin of the parietal pleura
Midclavicular line - rib 8
Midaxillary line - rib 10
Paravertebral line - rib 12
Where is the horizontal fissure of the left lung?
Follows line of 4th rib anteriorly
Where is the oblique fissure of both lungs?
Begins at spine of T2/3 and follows line of 6th rib anteriorly
Describe asthma
Immune disorder , inflammation of the airways, constriction of bronchial smooth muscles, increased mucous secretion, increased airway resistance, difficulty in breathing
