Respiratory Anatomy - Lungs and Pleura

Question 1

What does the upper respiratory tract include?

Answer 1

Nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx

Question 2

What does the lower respiratory tract consist of?

Answer 2

Trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles to alveoli

Question 3

Where does the trachea bifurcate?

Answer 3

Level of sternal angle - lower border of T4 vertebrae

Question 4

What is the conducting portion of the tracheobronchial tree?

Answer 4

No gas exchange occurs
From trachea to terminal bronchioles

Question 5

What is the respiratory portion of the tracheobronchial tree?

Answer 5

Gas exchange occurs
From respiratory bronchioles to alveolus

Question 6

What are the lobes of the lungs?

Answer 6

Left - Superior and Inferior
Right - Superior, middle and inferior

Question 7

What are the borders of the lungs?

Answer 7

Anterior, posterior and inferior

Question 8

What are the surfaces of the lungs?

Answer 8

Costal, mediastinal and diaphragmatic

Question 9

What is the lung hilum?

Answer 9

Area located on mediastinal surface of the lung

Question 10

What is the lung root?

Answer 10

Is a group of structures that enter or leave the hilum of the lung

Question 11

What are the major structures related to the left lung - mediastinal surface?

Answer 11

Heart, aortic arch, descending thoracic aorta, oesophagus, left subclavian vein and artery

Question 12

What are the major structures related to the right lung - mediastinal surface?

Answer 12

Heart, inferior vena cava, superior vena cava, oesophagus, right subclavian artery and vein
Right and left brachiocephalic vein

Question 13

Describe the bronchopulmonary segments?

Answer 13

10 segments in each lung - each segment is an individual unit

Question 14

What is the blood supply of the lungs?

Answer 14

Bronchial arteries - thoracic aorta (2 on left) and posterior intercostal artery (1 right)

Question 15

What are the bronchial veins of the lung?

Answer 15

Azygous and accessory hemiazygos system

Question 16

Describe the lymphatic drainage of the lungs?

Answer 16

Pulmonary LN - Bronchopulmonary LN - Tracheobronchial LN - Broncho-mediastinal LN - Broncho-mediastinal lymph trunk

Question 17

What is the autonomic innervation of the lungs?

Answer 17

Pulmonary plexus
Parasympathetic - vagus nerve
Sympathetic - T2 to T5

Question 18

Describe the pleura of the lungs?

Answer 18

Lungs and inferior of the thorax are covered by pleural membranes
Parietal and Visceral pleura - between is pleural fluid

Question 19

What is the nerve supply of the parietal pleura?

Answer 19

Somatic nerves - intercostal and phrenic nerves which can detect pain and sensation

Question 20

What is the nerve supply of the visceral pleura?

Answer 20

Autonomic nerves

Question 21

Describe pleural reflection

Answer 21

Place where parietal pleura changes directions

Question 22

Describe the pleural recess

Answer 22

The increases space between the layers of pleura occurring at the pleural reflections

Question 23

What are the 2 reflections + recesses?

Answer 23

Costomediastinal
Costodiaphragmatic

Question 24

Describe the inferior margin of the lung

Answer 24

Midclavicular line - rib 6
Midaxillary line - rib 8
Paravertebral line - rib 10

Question 25

Describe the inferior margin of the parietal pleura

Answer 25

Midclavicular line - rib 8
Midaxillary line - rib 10
Paravertebral line - rib 12

Question 26

Where is the horizontal fissure of the left lung?

Answer 26

Follows line of 4th rib anteriorly

Question 27

Where is the oblique fissure of both lungs?

Answer 27

Begins at spine of T2/3 and follows line of 6th rib anteriorly

Question 28

Describe asthma

Answer 28

Immune disorder , inflammation of the airways, constriction of bronchial smooth muscles, increased mucous secretion, increased airway resistance, difficulty in breathing