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Respiratory Anatomy > Embryology Introduction > Flashcards

Embryology Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

When is the pre-embryonic phase?

A

0-3 weeks

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2
Q

When is the embryonic phase?

A

4-8 weeks

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3
Q

When is the foetal phase?

A

9-40 weeks

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4
Q

How are the gametes sperm and ovum produced?

A

Spermatogonium and oogonium due to meiosis

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5
Q

Describe fertilisation

A

Several sperm surrounds ovum, only one penetrates - (pro) nucleus of the sperm enters and fuses with the (pro) nucleus of the ovum to give diploid cell - Zygote

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6
Q

What is a summary of week 1 of pre-embryonic phase?

A

Zygote is formed and divides to form a blastocyst
Moves through uterine tube and reached uterine cavity

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7
Q

What is the first cell of the body?

A

Zygote

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8
Q

How is morula formed?

A

A solid ball of cell formed by mitosis of cells from zygote

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9
Q

Describe a zygote

A

First cell in the body - 23 chromosomes of mum and 23 of dad
Mitochondria and cell organelle from mum

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10
Q

Who are mitochondrial diseases inherited from?

A

Inherited from the mother

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11
Q

What is the blastocystic cavity?

A

Cavity develops as morula increases with number of cells - nutrition to central core starts becoming difficult

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12
Q

Describe a blastocyst

A

Has blastocystic cavity
Cells accumulate at one end to form an inner cell mass
Outer layer of cells is called the throphoblast

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13
Q

Describe timing of zygote to blastocyst

A

Ovum released from ovary
Fertilisation in fallopian tube
Zygote
Then after 3 days morula
By day 5 morula reached inside of uterus cavity an becomes blastocyst

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14
Q

What is lining the uterine tube?

A

Cilia

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15
Q

How could an ectopic pregnancy occur?

A

If cilia function is abnormal

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16
Q

What is the summary of week 2 of pre-embryonic phase?

A

Implantation occurs in the uterine endometrial layer and placenta begins to develop
Cells that later form embryo form a bilaminar disc
Sacs, membranes and cord to nourish the human conceptus start to form

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17
Q

Describe trophoblast forming chorion?

A

Trophoblast divides to form 2 layers - chorion
Develops finger like processes called chorionic villi

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18
Q

What does a chorion do?

A

Implantation process - chorionic villi burry into endometrium
Forms part of placenta in due course
Secretes human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) used to detect pregnancy

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19
Q

When does implantation begin?

A

At 7 days blastocyst begins to burrow into uterine wall and chorion plays important role in burrowing

20
Q

What is the decidua basalis?

A

Part of the endometrium deep to the implanted conceptus

21
Q

Describe endometrium after implantation has occurred?

A

Has myometrium, endometrium and decidua basalis (with maternal blood vessels)
NCG secreted by chorion to help maintain decidua
Maternal blood levels of HCG increases at 12 weeks gestation

22
Q

What happens to the inner cell mass of blastocyst?

A

Cells of inner cell mass form a 2 layered flat disc called a bilaminar disc and 2 cavities begin to form

23
Q

What are the cavities which from from bilaminar disc?

A

Amniotic cavity with epiblast
Yolk sac with hypoblast

24
Q

What are the main functions of the placenta?

A

Foetal nutrition
Transport of waste and gases
Immune etc

25
Q

Describe the foetal part and surface of the placenta

A

Smooth with foetal blood vessels and end of umbilical cord

26
Q

Describe the maternal part of the placenta

A

decidua basalis of endometrium is rough and has maternal blood vessels

27
Q

When does placenta mature?

A

18-20 weeks

28
Q

What are the two types of twins/multiple births?

A

Fraternal/ dizygotic
Identical/ monozygotic

29
Q

What is a summary of week 3 of pre-embryonic phase?

A

Formation of the germ layers - gastrulation
Formation of the neural tube - neurulation
Development of somites
Early development of cardiovascular system

30
Q

What is the primitive streak?

A

Formed in the midline of the epiblast by dipping in of cells - invagination
Once forms then axis of the embryo is formed

31
Q

Describe gastrulation

A

Formation of 3 germ layers
Epiblast cells migrate to lie in between epiblast and hypoblast layers
Cells then displace hypoblast and forms 3 germ layers
Trilaminar disc is formed

32
Q

What are the 3 layers formed making the trilaminar disc?

A

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

33
Q

What does each germ layer form?

A

Ectoderm - epidermis of skin and nerves
Mesoderm - heart muscle, bones and connective tissue
Endoderm - respiratory system and gut

34
Q

Describe the process of neurulation

A

Neural tube formation
Notochord formation - cells sink down from primitive streak to form solid tube then notochord
Then a neural plate in the ectoderm which sinks down to form neural tube and notochord induces ectodermal cells in midline to from a neural tube

35
Q

What is the effect of neural tube on the mesoderm?

A

Mesoderm thickens and separates into 3 parts and lateral plate mesoderm splits

36
Q

What are the 3 parts the mesoderm splits into called?

A

Paraxial mesoderm
Intermediate plate mesoderm
Lateral plate mesoderm

37
Q

Describe formation of somites?

A

Paraxial mesoderm forms somite formation - 43 pairs of somites

38
Q

What are the names of the 3 divisions of the somite?

A

Dermatome
Myotome
Sclerotome

39
Q

What does each division of somite develop into?

A

Dermatome - dermis of skin
Myotome - muscles
Sclerosis - bones including the vertebrae

40
Q

When does the heart start to beat?

A

Days 24

41
Q

What does the intermediate plate mesoderm form?

A

Urogenital system - kidneys and repro.

42
Q

What does lateral plate mesoderm form?

A

Body cavity and coverings

43
Q

What happens during the embryonic/ organogenetic period?

A

Folding into a tube - lateral folds
Neural tube forms forebrain, hindbrain, spinal cord
Gut formation
Limb buds from
Neck development

44
Q

What is teratology?

A

Study of when things go wrong during development

45
Q

What are teratogens?

A

Environmental factors that cause abnormal development

46
Q

How can you diagnose malformations prenatally?

A

Blood - AFP
US scan at 12 weeks
Invasive tests - chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis

47
Q

How can you diagnose malformation postnatally?

A

Hip stability
Testes
Fingers and toes
Hearing

Respiratory Anatomy (5 decks)

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