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Systems 1B Anatomy (ME2508) > Respiratory Anatomy > Flashcards

Respiratory Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the thoracic wall?

A
  • to protect the lungs/heart

- to permit the movements associated with respiration

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2
Q

What structures comprise the thoracic wall?

A
  • sternum
  • vertebrae T1-T12
  • ribs 1-12
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3
Q

List the six parts of the sternum.

A
  • jugular notch
  • clavicular notch
  • manubrium
  • sternomanubrial joint
  • body of sternum
  • xiphoid process
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4
Q

Where do the clavicles articulate with the manubrium?

A
  • superolateral angles at the sternoclavicular joint in the clavicular notch
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5
Q

Name the type of joint present in the sternoclavicular joint.

A
  • synovial saddle
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6
Q

Where would you find the jugular notch?

A
  • superior border of the manubrium
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7
Q

At which vertebral level is the sternomanubrial joint located?

A
  • T4/5
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8
Q

At which vertebral level is the xiphoid process located?

A
  • T9
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9
Q

What articulates with the manubrium and the body of the sternum?

A
  • the facets for the second costal cartilages
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10
Q

Give features of the typical ribs.

A
  • rounded superior border
  • sharp inferior border
  • head
  • neck
  • tubercle
  • angle
  • costal sulcus/groove
  • pit for costal cartilage
  • attachment of ribs/costal cartilage
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11
Q

With which vertebrae do the ribs articulate?

A
  • the vertebrae of the same number as the rib

- the one above this one

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12
Q

What articulates with the tubercle of the rib?

A
  • the transverse process
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13
Q

What lies within the costal groove?

A
  • intercostal nerves
  • intercostal veins
  • intercostal arteries
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14
Q

Which ribs are termed true ribs?

A
  • Ribs 1-7
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15
Q

Which ribs are termed false ribs?

A
  • Ribs 8-10
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16
Q

Which ribs are termed floating ribs?

A
  • Ribs 11 and 12
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17
Q

Describe the first rib.

A
  • atypical, true rib
  • short, wide and flat
  • articulates with a single vertebra - T1
  • two shallow, hortizontal grooves crossing its superior surface
  • a scalene tubercle
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18
Q

What is the scalene tubercle?

A
  • present for the attachment of the anterior scalene muscle of the neck
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19
Q

What lies in the shallow grooves of the first rib?

A
  • the subclavian vein and artery
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20
Q

Which ribs are directly attached to the sternum and how to the other ribs attach?

A
  • ribs 1-7 attach directly

- the false ribs attach to the preceding costal cartilage

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21
Q

What is the primary muscle used for breathing in the newborn?

A
  • the diaphragm
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22
Q

What is found within the intercostal space?

A
  • three layers of intercostal muscle
  • intercostal nerve
  • posterior and anterior intercostal vein and artery
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23
Q

Name the muscles and their orientation that reside in the intercostal space.

A
  • external intercostal - inferio-anteriorly
  • internal intercostal - inferio-posteriorly
  • innermost intercostal - varying
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24
Q

Where is the neurovascular bundle located?

A
  • between the internal and the innermost intercostal muscles, in the costal groove
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25
Q

What is the neurovascular bundle is comprised of?

A
  • intercostal vein
  • intercostal artery
  • intercostal nerve
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26
Q

Where is the normal placement for a chest drain and why?

A
  • the 5th intercostal space in the mid-axillary line

- the needle should be inserted above the rib to avoid damaging the neurovascular structures

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27
Q

What is a dermatome?

A
  • an area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve
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28
Q

List the dermatome areas of the sternal angle, nipple area, umbilicus and the inguinal region.

A
  • sternal angle - T2
  • nipple area - T4
  • umbilicus - T10
  • inguinal region - L1
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29
Q

The ventral rami supplies which dermatomes?

A
  • those of the anterolateral thoracic wall
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30
Q

The dorsal rami supplies which dermatomes?

A
  • those of the posterior thoracic wall
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31
Q

What is lymph?

A
  • essentially plasma which has leaked from capillary beds due to high hydrostatic pressures
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32
Q

Which tissues do not have lymphatic drainage?

A
  • cartilage
  • eyes
  • inner ear
  • brain
  • spinal cord
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33
Q

List the locations of the major groups of lymph nodes.

A
  • Axillary - root of upper limb
  • Superficial and deep inguinal - root of the lower limb
  • Pectoral - around the pectoralis major
  • Tracheobroncial - bifurcation of the trachea in the thorax
  • Lumbar/pelvic - around the root of the arteries in the abdomen and pelvis
  • Superficial and deep cervical - superficial and deep groups in the head and neck
34
Q

Where does lymph ultimately drain to?

A
  • thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct

- they then return to the venous system

35
Q

Describe the diaphragm.

A
  • sheet of skeletal muscle

- forms the boundary between the thoracic and abdominal cavities

36
Q

How many attachments and hiatuses does the diaphragm have?

A
  • four attachments

- three major hiatuses and a number of minor ones

37
Q

What is the function of the diaphragm?

A
  • main muscle of respiration

- also assists in raising intra-abdominal pressure during coughing, vomiting and defaecation

38
Q

List the structures found in the diaphragm.

A
  • left and right domes
  • central tendons
  • left and right crura
  • openings for inferior vena cava, oesophagus and aorta
39
Q

Which dome of the diaphragm lies more superiorly?

A
  • the right dome
40
Q

At which vertebral levels do the left and right crura attach?

41
Q

What happens to the domes of diaphragm when they contract?

A
  • they descend
42
Q

Name the membrane that covers the superior surface of the diaphragm.

A
  • parietal pleura
43
Q

List the locations of the three major hiatuses and name what passes through them.

A
  • T8 - inferior vena cava
  • T10 - oesophagus
  • T12 - aorta
44
Q

Name the most important nerve that supplies the diaphragm.

A
  • The phrenic nerve
45
Q

Where does the phrenic nerve originate?

46
Q

What structures contribute to the upper respiratory tract?

A
  • nasal cavity
  • pharynx
  • larynx
47
Q

Describe the larynx.

A
  • set of cartilages, membranes and ligaments
  • provides sound from expired air
  • protects the inlet to the respiratory system
48
Q

What resides superiorly and inferiorly to the larynx?

A
  • superiorly - hyoid bone

- inferiorly - continuous till the trachea at C6

49
Q

What nerve supplies the larynx?

A
  • vagus nerve
50
Q

What forms the laryngeal prominence?

A
  • thyroid cartilage
51
Q

What structures form the lower respiratory tract?

A
  • trachea
  • primary bronchi and their branches
  • lungs
  • pleurae
52
Q

True or False?

The bronchial veins drain into the superior vena cava.

A

False

  • the bronchial veins drain into the azygos vein
53
Q

Where does the trachea originate and terminate?

A
  • originates at C4

- bifurcates at T4

54
Q

Describe the structure of the trachea.

A
  • 16-20 rings of incomplete hyaline cartilage
  • the muscle that completes them is called the trachealis
  • the final ring at the bifurcation of the trachea is called the carina
55
Q

What is the difference between the right main bronchus and the left main bronchus?

A
  • the right main bronchus is shorter, wider and more vertical
56
Q

Which bronchus is more likely to be blocked with an accidentally aspirated object?

A
  • the right main bronchus
57
Q

Describe the left lung.

A
  • two lobes, superior and inferior, separated by an oblique fissure
  • cardiac notch
  • aortic and cardiac impressions
  • lingula
58
Q

Describe the right lung.

A
  • three lobes, superior, middle and inferior
  • oblique fissure separates the inferior lobe
  • transverse fissure separates the superior and middle lobe
59
Q

Where is the hilum of the lung and what is its purpose?

A
  • found on the mediastinal surface of the lung

- only site of exit and entrance for bronchi and blood vessels

60
Q

Name the structures that make up the root of the lung and give their positions relative to each other.

A
  • bronchus (most posterior)
  • pulmonary artery (most superior)
  • superior pulmonary vein (most anterior)
  • inferior pulmonary vein (most inferior)
61
Q

What is the name given to the membrane that covers the apex of the lung?

A
  • cervical pleura
62
Q

True or False?

The lung extends above the first rib and clavicle.

63
Q

Which lung is the shortest?

A
  • the right lung
64
Q

Define the pleura.

A
  • serous membranes that surround each lung
65
Q

Name the pleura which lines the inner wall of the chest cavity.

A
  • the parietal pleura
66
Q

Name the pleura which adheres to the lung tissue.

A
  • viscerol pleura
67
Q

What is contained within the pleural space?

A
  • pleural fluid
68
Q

True or False?

The viscerol pleura does not enter and define the fissures of the lungs.

A

False.

- the viscerol pleura enters and defines the fissures of the lungs

69
Q

When does a pleural reflection occur?

A
  • where the parietal pleura lining one surface of the chest wall changes its direction to line another surface
70
Q

Give an example of pleural reflection.

A

The costodiaphragmatic reflection.

71
Q

Where does a pleural recess form?

A
  • were pleural reflections occur and the parietal pleura is more widely separated from the viscerol pleura during expiration.
72
Q

Why are pleural recesses clinically useful?

A
  • for needle aspiration of excessive accumulation of fluid in the pleural space
73
Q

True or False?

The parietal pleura is sensitive to pain, while the viscerol pleura has no sensory innervation.

74
Q

Which lung fissure follows the course of the 6th rib?

A
  • oblique fissure
75
Q

Which rib does the horizontal fissure follow the course of?

76
Q

List the structure of the extrapulmonary tubes from the lumen to the outside of the tube.

A
  • mucosa
  • submucosa
  • cartilage
  • adventitia
77
Q

What two layers comprise the mucosa?

A
  • epithelium

- lamia propria (a thin loose connective tissue layer)

78
Q

What kind of epithelium is present in the mucosa?

A
  • pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
79
Q

If the trachea has cartilage rings, what does the bronchus have?

A
  • a discontinuous arrangement of cartilage plates
80
Q

What type of cartilage is present in the larynx and the bronchus?

A
  • hyaline cartilage

Systems 1B Anatomy (ME2508) (2 decks)

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