Respiratory Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
What is the function of the thoracic wall?
A
- to protect the lungs/heart
- to permit the movements associated with respiration
2
Q
What structures comprise the thoracic wall?
A
- sternum
- vertebrae T1-T12
- ribs 1-12
3
Q
List the six parts of the sternum.
A
- jugular notch
- clavicular notch
- manubrium
- sternomanubrial joint
- body of sternum
- xiphoid process
4
Q
Where do the clavicles articulate with the manubrium?
A
- superolateral angles at the sternoclavicular joint in the clavicular notch
5
Q
Name the type of joint present in the sternoclavicular joint.
A
- synovial saddle
6
Q
Where would you find the jugular notch?
A
- superior border of the manubrium
7
Q
At which vertebral level is the sternomanubrial joint located?
A
- T4/5
8
Q
At which vertebral level is the xiphoid process located?
A
- T9
9
Q
What articulates with the manubrium and the body of the sternum?
A
- the facets for the second costal cartilages
10
Q
Give features of the typical ribs.
A
- rounded superior border
- sharp inferior border
- head
- neck
- tubercle
- angle
- costal sulcus/groove
- pit for costal cartilage
- attachment of ribs/costal cartilage
11
Q
With which vertebrae do the ribs articulate?
A
- the vertebrae of the same number as the rib
- the one above this one
12
Q
What articulates with the tubercle of the rib?
A
- the transverse process
13
Q
What lies within the costal groove?
A
- intercostal nerves
- intercostal veins
- intercostal arteries
14
Q
Which ribs are termed true ribs?
A
- Ribs 1-7
15
Q
Which ribs are termed false ribs?
A
- Ribs 8-10
16
Q
Which ribs are termed floating ribs?
A
- Ribs 11 and 12
17
Q
Describe the first rib.
A
- atypical, true rib
- short, wide and flat
- articulates with a single vertebra - T1
- two shallow, hortizontal grooves crossing its superior surface
- a scalene tubercle
18
Q
What is the scalene tubercle?
A
- present for the attachment of the anterior scalene muscle of the neck
19
Q
What lies in the shallow grooves of the first rib?
A
- the subclavian vein and artery
20
Q
Which ribs are directly attached to the sternum and how to the other ribs attach?
A
- ribs 1-7 attach directly
- the false ribs attach to the preceding costal cartilage
21
Q
What is the primary muscle used for breathing in the newborn?
A
- the diaphragm
22
Q
What is found within the intercostal space?
A
- three layers of intercostal muscle
- intercostal nerve
- posterior and anterior intercostal vein and artery
23
Q
Name the muscles and their orientation that reside in the intercostal space.
A
- external intercostal - inferio-anteriorly
- internal intercostal - inferio-posteriorly
- innermost intercostal - varying
24
Q
Where is the neurovascular bundle located?
A
- between the internal and the innermost intercostal muscles, in the costal groove
25
What is the neurovascular bundle is comprised of?
- intercostal vein
- intercostal artery
- intercostal nerve
26
Where is the normal placement for a chest drain and why?
- the 5th intercostal space in the mid-axillary line
| - the needle should be inserted above the rib to avoid damaging the neurovascular structures
27
What is a dermatome?
- an area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve
28
List the dermatome areas of the sternal angle, nipple area, umbilicus and the inguinal region.
- sternal angle - T2
- nipple area - T4
- umbilicus - T10
- inguinal region - L1
29
The ventral rami supplies which dermatomes?
- those of the anterolateral thoracic wall
30
The dorsal rami supplies which dermatomes?
- those of the posterior thoracic wall
31
What is lymph?
- essentially plasma which has leaked from capillary beds due to high hydrostatic pressures
32
Which tissues do not have lymphatic drainage?
- cartilage
- eyes
- inner ear
- brain
- spinal cord
33
List the locations of the major groups of lymph nodes.
- Axillary - root of upper limb
- Superficial and deep inguinal - root of the lower limb
- Pectoral - around the pectoralis major
- Tracheobroncial - bifurcation of the trachea in the thorax
- Lumbar/pelvic - around the root of the arteries in the abdomen and pelvis
- Superficial and deep cervical - superficial and deep groups in the head and neck
34
Where does lymph ultimately drain to?
- thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct
| - they then return to the venous system
35
Describe the diaphragm.
- sheet of skeletal muscle
| - forms the boundary between the thoracic and abdominal cavities
36
How many attachments and hiatuses does the diaphragm have?
- four attachments
| - three major hiatuses and a number of minor ones
37
What is the function of the diaphragm?
- main muscle of respiration
| - also assists in raising intra-abdominal pressure during coughing, vomiting and defaecation
38
List the structures found in the diaphragm.
- left and right domes
- central tendons
- left and right crura
- openings for inferior vena cava, oesophagus and aorta
39
Which dome of the diaphragm lies more superiorly?
- the right dome
40
At which vertebral levels do the left and right crura attach?
- L2
41
What happens to the domes of diaphragm when they contract?
- they descend
42
Name the membrane that covers the superior surface of the diaphragm.
- parietal pleura
43
List the locations of the three major hiatuses and name what passes through them.
- T8 - inferior vena cava
- T10 - oesophagus
- T12 - aorta
44
Name the most important nerve that supplies the diaphragm.
- The phrenic nerve
45
Where does the phrenic nerve originate?
- C3/4/5
46
What structures contribute to the upper respiratory tract?
- nasal cavity
- pharynx
- larynx
47
Describe the larynx.
- set of cartilages, membranes and ligaments
- provides sound from expired air
- protects the inlet to the respiratory system
48
What resides superiorly and inferiorly to the larynx?
- superiorly - hyoid bone
| - inferiorly - continuous till the trachea at C6
49
What nerve supplies the larynx?
- vagus nerve
50
What forms the laryngeal prominence?
- thyroid cartilage
51
What structures form the lower respiratory tract?
- trachea
- primary bronchi and their branches
- lungs
- pleurae
52
True or False?
| The bronchial veins drain into the superior vena cava.
False
- the bronchial veins drain into the azygos vein
53
Where does the trachea originate and terminate?
- originates at C4
| - bifurcates at T4
54
Describe the structure of the trachea.
- 16-20 rings of incomplete hyaline cartilage
- the muscle that completes them is called the trachealis
- the final ring at the bifurcation of the trachea is called the carina
55
What is the difference between the right main bronchus and the left main bronchus?
- the right main bronchus is shorter, wider and more vertical
56
Which bronchus is more likely to be blocked with an accidentally aspirated object?
- the right main bronchus
57
Describe the left lung.
- two lobes, superior and inferior, separated by an oblique fissure
- cardiac notch
- aortic and cardiac impressions
- lingula
58
Describe the right lung.
- three lobes, superior, middle and inferior
- oblique fissure separates the inferior lobe
- transverse fissure separates the superior and middle lobe
59
Where is the hilum of the lung and what is its purpose?
- found on the mediastinal surface of the lung
| - only site of exit and entrance for bronchi and blood vessels
60
Name the structures that make up the root of the lung and give their positions relative to each other.
- bronchus (most posterior)
- pulmonary artery (most superior)
- superior pulmonary vein (most anterior)
- inferior pulmonary vein (most inferior)
61
What is the name given to the membrane that covers the apex of the lung?
- cervical pleura
62
True or False?
| The lung extends above the first rib and clavicle.
True.
63
Which lung is the shortest?
- the right lung
64
Define the pleura.
- serous membranes that surround each lung
65
Name the pleura which lines the inner wall of the chest cavity.
- the parietal pleura
66
Name the pleura which adheres to the lung tissue.
- viscerol pleura
67
What is contained within the pleural space?
- pleural fluid
68
True or False?
| The viscerol pleura does not enter and define the fissures of the lungs.
False.
| - the viscerol pleura enters and defines the fissures of the lungs
69
When does a pleural reflection occur?
- where the parietal pleura lining one surface of the chest wall changes its direction to line another surface
70
Give an example of pleural reflection.
The costodiaphragmatic reflection.
71
Where does a pleural recess form?
- were pleural reflections occur and the parietal pleura is more widely separated from the viscerol pleura during expiration.
72
Why are pleural recesses clinically useful?
- for needle aspiration of excessive accumulation of fluid in the pleural space
73
True or False?
| The parietal pleura is sensitive to pain, while the viscerol pleura has no sensory innervation.
True.
74
Which lung fissure follows the course of the 6th rib?
- oblique fissure
75
Which rib does the horizontal fissure follow the course of?
- 4th rib
76
List the structure of the extrapulmonary tubes from the lumen to the outside of the tube.
- mucosa
- submucosa
- cartilage
- adventitia
77
What two layers comprise the mucosa?
- epithelium
| - lamia propria (a thin loose connective tissue layer)
78
What kind of epithelium is present in the mucosa?
- pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
79
If the trachea has cartilage rings, what does the bronchus have?
- a discontinuous arrangement of cartilage plates
80
What type of cartilage is present in the larynx and the bronchus?
- hyaline cartilage
