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Systems 1B Anatomy (ME2508) > Cardiovascular Anatomy > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the mediastinum located?

A
  • the centre of the thoracic cavity
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2
Q

What is the major component of the mediatsinum?

A
  • the heart, lying within the pericardium
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3
Q

List the divisions of the mediastinum.

A
  • superior

- inferior - subdivided into anterior, middle and posterior

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4
Q

What forms the anterior border of the mediastinum?

A
  • the first rib
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5
Q

What forms the superior border of the mediastinum?

A
  • the fifth rib
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6
Q

What separates the superior from the inferior mediastinum?

A
  • transverse thoracic plane
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7
Q

List the structures of the mediastinum.

A
  • arteries: aortic arch, brachiocephalic artery and left subclavian artery
  • veins: brachiocephalic vein, superior vena cava
  • nerves: vagus and phrenic
  • trachea
  • oesophagus
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8
Q

List the structures of the middle mediastinum.

A
  • heart
  • pericardium
  • great vessels
  • descending aorta
  • oesophagus
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9
Q

List the structures of the posterior mediastinum.

A
  • thoracic duct

- sympathetic chain

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10
Q

Where can the apex of the heart be located?

A
  • left fifth intercostal space

- approx. 9cm form the median plane

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11
Q

Which structures form the right border of the heart?

A
  • right atrium

- right ventricle

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12
Q

Which structures form the left border of the heart?

A
  • left atrium

- left ventricle

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13
Q

Which structures form the inferior border of the heart?

A
  • right ventricle

- left ventricle

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14
Q

Which structures form the superior border of the heart?

A
  • right atrium

- left atrium

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15
Q

At which vertebral levels does the heart lay?

A
  • T5-T8
  • posterior to the sternum
  • however, if the body was in the upright position then the heart will hang further down
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16
Q

At which vertebral level is the beginning and termination of the aortic arch?

A
  • T4
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17
Q

At which vertebral level does the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta occur?

A
  • L4
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18
Q

At which vertebral level does the bifurcation of the common iliac arteries occur?

A
  • L5
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19
Q

Name the vessels that branch off the aortic arch in order from right to left.

A
  • brachiocephalic trunk
  • left common carotid artery
  • left subclavian artery
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20
Q

Name the arteries which branch off the descending aorta.

A
  • bronchial arteries
  • oesophageal arteries
  • pericardial arteries
  • posterior intercostal arteries
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21
Q

Where do the common iliac arteries arise?

A
  • L4
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22
Q

True or False?

The external iliac arteries arise at L5/S1 and become the internal iliac arteries.

A

False.

- they become the femoral arteries

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23
Q

True or False?

Internal iliac arteries arise at L5/S1 and supply the pelvic viscera.

A

True.

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24
Q

Name the tributaries of the superior vena cava.

A
  • left and right brachiocephalic vein
  • azygos vein
  • right internal jugular vein
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25
Q

Name the tributaries of the inferior vena cava.

A
  • left and right common iliac veins
26
Q

True or False?

The azygos vein drains blood from theposterior intercostal vein.

A

True.

27
Q

What vein drains into the azygos vein at T8/T9?

A
  • the hemiazygos vein
28
Q

State which vein the posterior intercostal vein drains into.

A
  • the azygos vein
29
Q

State which artery the posterior intercostal arteries drains into.

A
  • the descending aorta
30
Q

Where do veins/arteries from the thorax and abdomen drain into?

A
  • the internal thoracic vein/artery
31
Q

Where does the thoracic duct drain into?

A
  • the medial end of the left brachiocephalic vein
32
Q

Where does the right lymphatic duct drain into?

A
  • the medial end of the right subclavian vein
33
Q

Where does the subclavian artery become the axillary artery?

A
  • the lateral border of the first rib
34
Q

What happens to the axillary artery at the posterior axillary fold?

A
  • it becomes the brachial artery
35
Q

True of False?

The popliteal artery is a distal continuation of the femoral artery.

A

False.

- the iliac artery is a distal continuation of the femoral artery

36
Q

What are two superficial veins in the lower limb?

A
  • great saphenous

- small saphenous

37
Q

What is the pericardium?

A
  • a pleural membrane which covers the heart
38
Q

List, in order from inside to outside, the layers that surround the heart.

A
  • endocardium
  • myocardium
  • epicardium
  • pericardial cavity
  • parietal layer of serous pericardium
  • fibrous pericardium
39
Q

What type of tissue is the inner endocardium comprised of?

A
  • a single layer of squamous epithelium
40
Q

What type of tissue is the middle myocardium comprised of?

A
  • many layers of cardiac muscle
41
Q

What type of tissue is the out epicardium comprised of?

A
  • single layer of squamous epithelium
42
Q

What prevents the overexpansion of the heart?

A
  • the fibrous pericardium
43
Q

Where does the visceral pericardium receive innervation from?

A
  • T1-T4 nerves and vagus nerve via the cardiac plexus
44
Q

What is the main innervation of the parietal and fibrous layers?

A
  • the phrenic nerve
45
Q

What is the fossa ovalis?

A
  • remnant of the foramen ovale in the foetus

- it allowed blood to move between the chambers while bypassing the lungs

46
Q

Describe atrial septal defect.

A
  • defect in the interartirial septum which allows pulmonary venous return from the left atrium to pass directly to the right atrium
47
Q

What tissue surrounds the heart valves and why?

A
  • fibrous connective tissue rings
  • origin and insertion for cardiac muscle
  • blocks electrical signals between atria and ventricles, acting as an electrical insulator
48
Q

Describe the atrioventricular valves.

A
  • formed from thin flaps of tissue joined at the base to the fibrous connective ring
  • flaps are slightly thickened at the edge
  • connect at the ventricular side to collagenous tendons called the chordae tendinaea
49
Q

Where do the chordae tendinaea attach?

A
  • mound-like extensions of ventricular muscle, called papillary muscles
50
Q

What is the function of the papillary muscles?

A
  • provide stability

- cannot actively open or close the valves

51
Q

Name the two atrioventricular valves.

A
  • tricuspid - three flaps

- mitral - two flaps

52
Q

Name the two semilunar valves.

A
  • aortic valve

- pulmonary valve

53
Q

Define ventricular septal defect.

A
  • a hole in the wall between the two ventricles in the interventricular septum
54
Q

When would ventricular septal defect be more common?

A
  • in children with other genetic problems, such as Drown’s syndrome
55
Q

What supplies the heart wall with blood?

A
  • the left and right coronary arteries and their branches
56
Q

How does blood drain from the heart wall?

A
  • cardiac veins
  • then drained into coronary sinus
  • then to the right atrium
57
Q

Describe the coronary sinus.

A
  • a wide, venous channel on the posterior surface of the heart
58
Q

Where do the lymphatics from the heart drain to?

A
  • the tracheobronchial and mediastinal lymph nodes
59
Q

How are coronary nerves innovated?

A
  • autonomic nerves travelling in the vagus nerve and the spinal cord segments T1-T4 are routed to the heart and coronary arteries via the cardiac plexus, situated at the bifurcation of the trachea
60
Q

Describe the histological plan in the heart and blood vessels.

A
  • innermost epithelium
  • middle muscle layer
  • outer connective tissue layer
    These layers are known respectively as;
  • tunica intima
  • tunica media
  • tuncia adventitia
61
Q

What are the three main histological types of arteries?

A
  • elastic
  • muscular
  • arterioles
62
Q

Where does the atrioventricular node lie?

A
  • the inferior part of the right septum.

Systems 1B Anatomy (ME2508) (2 decks)

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