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Respiratory AM > Respiratory anatomy > Flashcards

Respiratory anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the thoracic wall?

A

Protect contents of the chest and permit movements associated with respiration

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2
Q

What components comprise the thoracic wall?

A

Sternum
Vertebrae 1-12
Ribs 1-12

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3
Q

What components comprise the sternum?

A

Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid

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4
Q

Where does the clavicle articulate with the sternum?

A

Superiolateral angle at sternoclavicular joint on the manubrium

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5
Q

What kind of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?

A

Synovial saddle

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6
Q

What is the notch at the superior border of the manubrium?

A

Jugular notch

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7
Q

What vertebral level is the xiphoid process located at?

A

T9

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8
Q

What vertebral level is the sternomanibriul joint located at?

A

T4

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9
Q

What rib joins to the sternomanubrial joint?

A

2nd rib

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10
Q

What are the typical ribs?

A

Ribs 3-9

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11
Q

What does the head of a typical rib articulate with?

A

Vertebra of the same number and that above

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12
Q

What does the tubercle of a typical rib articulate with?

A

Transverse process of the vertebra

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13
Q

What contains the neuromuscular bundle in th ribs?

A

Costal groove

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14
Q

What are the true ribs?

A

1-7

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15
Q

What are the false ribs?

A

8-10

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16
Q

What are the floating ribs?

A

11-12

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17
Q

What is the structure of the 1st rib?

A

Short, wide and flat

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18
Q

What are the physical differences of the first rib to the others?

A

Scalene tubercle

Grooves for subclavian veins and arteries

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19
Q

Where are the grooves for the subclavian artery and vein located?

A

Artery- posterior to scalene tubercle

Vein- anterior to scalene tubercle

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20
Q

What is the contained in the vertebral foramen of a typical thoracic vertebra?

A

Spinal cord and meningeal membranes

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21
Q

What is contained in the intervertebral notch of thoracic vertebrae?

A

Spinal nerves

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22
Q

What does the transverse process of a thoracic vertebra articulate with?

A

Tubercle of rib

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23
Q

What is the structure of the spinous process on a typical thoracic vertebra?

A

Long, broad, sloped down, non bified

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24
Q

What are the boundaries of the thoracic cage?

A 
Superior- thoracic inlet
Inferior- thoracic outlet and diaphragm
Anterior- sternum and costal cartilage
Posterior- thoracic vertebrae
Lateral- ribs 1-12
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25
Q

What are the boundaries of the thoracic inlet?

A

T1, first rib, manubrium

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26
Q

What are the boundaries of the thoracic outlet?

A

T12, ribs 11-12, costal cartilages 7-10, xiphoid

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27
Q

What forms the costal margin?

A

Costal cartilages 7-10

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28
Q

What are the 2 methods ribs can be attached to the sternum?

A

Direct or via previous costal cartilages

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29
Q

What are the 3 layers of intercostal muscles?

A

External
Internal
Innermost

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30
Q

In what direction do the external intercostal muscles run on the anterior of the thorax?

A

Inferioanteriorly

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31
Q

In what direction do the internal intercostal muscles run on the anterior of the thorax?

A

Superioanteriorly

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32
Q

How are the intercostal spaces named?

A

In accordance with the rib superior

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33
Q

Where is th neuromuscular bundle located?

A

Between the innermost and internal intercostals in the costal groove

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34
Q

What is the intercostal membrane?

A

A tendinous aponeurosis connecting the external/internal intercostals to the sternum/vertebrae

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35
Q

How far do external intercostals extend?

A

To the costochrondral joint anteriorly

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36
Q

How far do internal intercostals extend?

A

To the costal angle posteriorly

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37
Q

How much of the space do the innermost intercostals fill?

A

half

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38
Q

What completes the innermost intercostal anteriorly?

A

Transversus thoracis

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39
Q

What completes the innermost intercostals posteriorly?

A

Subcostalis

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40
Q

Where is a chest drain usually inserted?

A

5th intercostal space, midaxillary line

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41
Q

Wat layers does a chest drain need to go through?

A

Skin
Superficial and deep fascia
Intercostal muscles
Parietal pleura

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42
Q

What layer should a chest drain now cross through?

A

Visceral pleura

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43
Q

What causes the discontinuity of dermatomes on the chest all?

A

C5-8 innervate the arms

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44
Q

What organs/regions do not require lymphatic drainage?

A

Eyes
Inner ear
Cartilage
Brain and spinal cord

45
Q

What are the major groups of lymph nodes?

A 
Axillary
Superficial and deep inguinal
Pectorial
Tracheobronchial
Lumbar/pelvic
Superficial and deep cervical
46
Q

Where does the majority of lymph from the anterior chest wall drain?

A

Pectorial group

47
Q

Where does the minority of lymph from the anterior chest wall drain?

A

Parasternal nodes, opposite pectorial or abdominal nodes

48
Q

Where is the base of the breast located?

A

Ribs 2-6

49
Q

What does the base of the breast refer to?

A

The glandular part

50
Q

How is the breast divided?

A

Into 16-20 lobes and smaller lobules

51
Q

How far does the breast extend superiolaterally?

A

To penetrate the floor of the axilla

52
Q

What does the diaphragm form?

A

Boundary between the thoracic and abdominal cavities

53
Q

What dome of the diaphragm is superior and why?

A

Right due to the presence of the liver

54
Q

What is the structure of the central tendon?

A

Clower shaped fibrous periardium

55
Q

Where is the right crura attached?

A

L1-3

56
Q

Where is the left crura attached?

A

L1-2

57
Q

What are the attachments of the diaphragm?

A

Costal cartilages 7-12
Xiphoid process
Left and right crura

58
Q

What pass through the diaphragm at the 3 hiatuses?

A

Inferior vena cava
Oesophagus
Aorta

59
Q

At what vertebral levels are the 3 hiatuses of the diaphragm and what passes through each?

A 
T8= inferior vena cava
T10= Oesophagus
T12= Aorta
60
Q

What innervates the diaphragm?

A

Phrenic nerves are both motor and sensory to the diaphragm

61
Q

What supplies the peripheral parts of the diaphragm?

A

Intercostals

62
Q

What muscles are requires for inspiration?

A

Diaphragm and external intercostals

63
Q

What muscles are used for active expiration?

A

Abdominals and internal intercostals

64
Q

What does the upper respiratory tract consist of?

A

Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx

65
Q

What is the larynx?

A

Set of cartilages, membranes and ligaments which produce sound from expired air and protects the inlet to the respiratory system?

66
Q

What are the attachments of the larynx?

A

Hyoid bone superiorly

Continuous inferiorly with trachea at C6

67
Q

What supplies the larynx?

A

Vagus nerve for both motor and sensory

68
Q

What creates the Adam’s apple?

A

Thyroid cartilage

69
Q

What is the function of the epiglottis?

A

Prevent solids and liquids entering laryngeal inlet

70
Q

What type of cartilage is contained in the larynx?

A

Hyaline

71
Q

What is the epiglottis made from?

A

Elastic cartilage

72
Q

What does the lower respiratory tract consist of?

A

Trachea
Main bronchi and their branches
Lungs and their pleurae

73
Q

What is the innervation of the lower respiratory tract?

A

Sympathetic fibres via pulmonary plexus

Parasympathetic fibres from the vagus nerves

74
Q

At what level does the trachea bifurcate?

A

T4

75
Q

What is the carina?

A

Bifurcation of the trachea- final cartilage ring

76
Q

What completes the cartilage rings of the trachea posteriorly?

A

Trachealis muscle

77
Q

What lies posteriorly to the trachea?

A

Oesophagus

78
Q

What lies laterally to the trachea?

A

Vagus nerve

Common carotid arteries in the neck

79
Q

What lies between the trachea and oesophagus?

A

Trachea-oesophageal nerves

80
Q

What are the main differences between the left and right bronchi?

A

Right- shorter, wider, more vertical, gives off superior branch before entering lung
Left- enters lung before giving off branches

81
Q

What is the hilum of the lung?

A

Location of the root on the mediastinal surface

82
Q

What is the root of the lung?

A

All of the structures entering and leaving the lung at the hilum

83
Q

What structures are contained at the hilum?

A

Bronchus= most posterior
Pulmonary artery= most superior
Superior pulmonary vein= most anterior
Inferior pulmonary vein= most inferior

84
Q

What are the lobes of the right lung?

A

Superior
Middle
Inferior

85
Q

What are the lobes of the left lung?

A

Superior

Inferior

86
Q

What are the fissures of the right lung?

A

Transverse- superior and middle

Oblique- middle and inferior

87
Q

What are the fissures of the left lung?

A

Oblique

88
Q

What is the pleura?

A

Double layer of serous membranes that surround each lung

89
Q

What is the pleural cavity?

A

Space between the 2 pleura containing 3ml of pleural fluid

90
Q

What are the 2 types of pleura and what do they line?

A

Visceral- lungs

Parietal- chest wall, diaphragm, mediastinum

91
Q

What are the recesses and refections of the pleura?

A

Costal diaphragmatic

Costal mediastinal

92
Q

What is the innervation of the pleura?

A

Only parietal pleura had sensory innervation
Phrenic nerve supplies diaphragmatic and mediastinal
Intercostal nerves supply costal

93
Q

Where does the trachea begin?

A

Cricoid cartilage at C6

94
Q

Where does the lung extend to in the midclavicular, midaxillary and mid scapular lines?

A

Rib 6,8,10

95
Q

Where does the parietal pleura extend to in the midclavicular, midaxillary and mid scapular lines?

A

Ribs 8,10,12

96
Q

What does the oblique fissure run in line with?

A

Rib 6

97
Q

What does the horizontal tissue run in line with?

A

Rib 4

98
Q

What levels does the posterior of the rib extend to?

A

C7- T10

99
Q

What are the extra pulmonary tubes?

A

Trachea

Bronchi outside of the lung

100
Q

What are the layers of the extra pulmonary tubes?

A

Mucousa- pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium and lamina propria
Submucousa
Cartilage
Adventitia

101
Q

What comprised the respiratory epithelium?

A

Goblet and basal cells

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

102
Q

What are bronchioles?

A

Airways of 1mm or less

No cartilage and no glands in the walls

103
Q

What is the epithelium in the terminal bronchioles?

A

Simple cuboidal

104
Q

What is the epithelium in the alveoli?

A

Squamous

105
Q

To what level are cilia found?

A

Respiratory bronchioles

106
Q

To what level are the goblet cells found

A

Small bronchioles (not respiratory)

107
Q

What is the lamina propria?

A

Thin loose connective tissue found beneath the epithelium, containing elastic fibres and smooth muscle

108
Q

What cell types are present in the alveoli?

A

Type 1 pneumocytes
Type 2 pneumocytes
Alveolar macrophages

Respiratory AM (10 decks)

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