Respiratory Anatomy Flashcards
In which bronchus is an aspirated FO more likely to lodge?
R - because it has a) a smaller angle of entry + b) a wider diameter
Which pleural layer is sensitive to pain + why?
The parietal layer, because it is innervated by intercostal and phrenic nerves, whereas the visceral pleura lacks sensory innervation
How much fluid is found within the pleural cavity?
<10ml
What are the different types of pleural effusion?
- Transudative
2. Exudative
What are transudative pleural effusions caused by?
Increased capillary pressure or decreased oncotic pressure
This may result from CHF, cirrhosis or nephrotic syndrome
What are exudative pleural effusions caused by?
Increased vascular permeability or inflammation
This may result from lung infection, malignancy or PE
What drains the right lung from the unity of the bronchial veins?
Azygos
What drains the left lung from the unity of the bronchial veins?
Hemiazygos
What veins do the azygos and hemiazygos drain into?
Pulmonary veins
How many lobes make up the R lung?
3
How many lobes make up the L lung?
2
Where does the R pulmonary artery enter the R lung?
Anterior to the R bronchus
Where does the L pulmonary artery enter the L lung?
Superior to the L bronchus
What is the pneumonia to remember where the pulmonary arteries enter each lung respectively?
RALS - Right enters Anterior, Left enters Superior
What are the function of the L + R crura?
To affix the diaphragm posteriorly to the vertebral column
Which crura functions to prevent a hiatal hernia?
R crura, it wrapping around the esophagus
What is the mnemonic for structure passage across the diaphragm?
I 8 10 EGGs AAT 12
What structures pass through the diaphragm at T8?
IVC
What structures pass through the diaphragm at T10?
Esophagus; Vagus nerve
What structures pass through the diaphragm at T12?
Aorta; Azygous vein; Thoracic duct
At what vertebral level does the aorta pass through the diaphragm?
T12
At what vertebral level does the esophagus pass through the diaphragm?
T10
At what vertebral level does the azygos vein pass through the diaphragm?
T12
At what vertebral level does the IVC pass through the diaphragm?
T8
At what vertebral level does the vagus nerve pass through the diaphragm?
T10
At what vertebral level does the thoracic duct pass through the diaphragm?
T12
What is quiet inhalation?
Breathing at rest
What muscles are involved in quiet inspiration?
Diaphragm
External intercostals
Internal intercostals
What muscles are involved in quiet expiration?
Passive process, i.e. none
What muscles are involved in forced inspiration?
Muscles of quiet inspiration PLUS the accessory muscles, i.e. scalenes and sternocleidomastoids
What muscles are involved in forced expiration?
Internal intercostals + abdominal muscles (e..g rectus abdominus, transversus abdominus, internal/external obliques) + transverses thoracis
What epithelium line the conducting airways?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
What epithelium line the respiratory airways?
Type I + Type 2 cells
What is the composition of surfactant?
80% = phospholipids (DPPC); 12% = surface-associated proteins; 8% = lipids
Where in type II pneumocytes is surfactant stored?
Lamellar bodies
What are the 4 types of cell found in the alveoli?
- Type I; 2. Type 2; 3. Endothelial cells; 4. Macrophages
What epithelium line the conducting airways?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium - this epithelium is ciliated from the nasal cavity to the terminal bronchioles (it them becomes simple cuboidal, and then simple squamous)
What are Clara cells?
Located in the terminal bronchioles, they secrete protein and protect the airway lining from damage
