Respiratory Anatomy

Question 1

In which bronchus is an aspirated FO more likely to lodge?

Answer 1

R - because it has a) a smaller angle of entry + b) a wider diameter

Question 2

Which pleural layer is sensitive to pain + why?

Answer 2

The parietal layer, because it is innervated by intercostal and phrenic nerves, whereas the visceral pleura lacks sensory innervation

Question 3

How much fluid is found within the pleural cavity?

Answer 3

<10ml

Question 4

What are the different types of pleural effusion?

Answer 4

1. Transudative

2. Exudative

Question 5

What are transudative pleural effusions caused by?

Answer 5

Increased capillary pressure or decreased oncotic pressure

This may result from CHF, cirrhosis or nephrotic syndrome

Question 6

What are exudative pleural effusions caused by?

Answer 6

Increased vascular permeability or inflammation

This may result from lung infection, malignancy or PE

Question 7

What drains the right lung from the unity of the bronchial veins?

Answer 7

Azygos

Question 8

What drains the left lung from the unity of the bronchial veins?

Answer 8

Hemiazygos

Question 9

What veins do the azygos and hemiazygos drain into?

Answer 9

Pulmonary veins

Question 10

How many lobes make up the R lung?

Answer 10

3

Question 11

How many lobes make up the L lung?

Answer 11

2

Question 12

Where does the R pulmonary artery enter the R lung?

Answer 12

Anterior to the R bronchus

Question 13

Where does the L pulmonary artery enter the L lung?

Answer 13

Superior to the L bronchus

Question 14

What is the pneumonia to remember where the pulmonary arteries enter each lung respectively?

Answer 14

RALS - Right enters Anterior, Left enters Superior

Question 15

What are the function of the L + R crura?

Answer 15

To affix the diaphragm posteriorly to the vertebral column

Question 16

Which crura functions to prevent a hiatal hernia?

Answer 16

R crura, it wrapping around the esophagus

Question 17

What is the mnemonic for structure passage across the diaphragm?

Answer 17

I 8 10 EGGs AAT 12

Question 18

What structures pass through the diaphragm at T8?

Answer 18

IVC

Question 19

What structures pass through the diaphragm at T10?

Answer 19

Esophagus; Vagus nerve

Question 20

What structures pass through the diaphragm at T12?

Answer 20

Aorta; Azygous vein; Thoracic duct

Question 21

At what vertebral level does the aorta pass through the diaphragm?

Answer 21

T12

Question 22

At what vertebral level does the esophagus pass through the diaphragm?

Answer 22

T10

Question 23

At what vertebral level does the azygos vein pass through the diaphragm?

Answer 23

T12

Question 24

At what vertebral level does the IVC pass through the diaphragm?

Answer 24

T8

Question 25

At what vertebral level does the vagus nerve pass through the diaphragm?

Answer 25

T10

Question 26

At what vertebral level does the thoracic duct pass through the diaphragm?

Answer 26

T12

Question 27

What is quiet inhalation?

Answer 27

Breathing at rest

Question 28

What muscles are involved in quiet inspiration?

Answer 28

Diaphragm External intercostals Internal intercostals

Question 29

What muscles are involved in quiet expiration?

Answer 29

Passive process, i.e. none

Question 30

What muscles are involved in forced inspiration?

Answer 30

Muscles of quiet inspiration PLUS the accessory muscles, i.e. scalenes and sternocleidomastoids

Question 31

What muscles are involved in forced expiration?

Answer 31

Internal intercostals + abdominal muscles (e..g rectus abdominus, transversus abdominus, internal/external obliques) + transverses thoracis

Question 32

What epithelium line the conducting airways?

Answer 32

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Question 33

What epithelium line the respiratory airways?

Answer 33

Type I + Type 2 cells

Question 34

What is the composition of surfactant?

Answer 34

80% = phospholipids (DPPC); 12% = surface-associated proteins; 8% = lipids

Question 35

Where in type II pneumocytes is surfactant stored?

Answer 35

Lamellar bodies

Question 36

What are the 4 types of cell found in the alveoli?

Answer 36

1. Type I; 2. Type 2; 3. Endothelial cells; 4. Macrophages

Question 37

What epithelium line the conducting airways?

Answer 37

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium - this epithelium is ciliated from the nasal cavity to the terminal bronchioles (it them becomes simple cuboidal, and then simple squamous)

Question 38

What are Clara cells?

Answer 38

Located in the terminal bronchioles, they secrete protein and protect the airway lining from damage