Reproductive Pathology Flashcards
What is the karyotype of Turner’s syndrome?
45, XO
What is the most common cause of primary amenorrhoea?
Turner’s syndrome
How is Turner’s syndrome diagnosed?
Karyotype
How is Turner’s syndrome managed?
At puberty, estrogen (hormone replacement therapy) may be given to induce the development of secondary sexual characteristics, normal menstruation, and to prevent osteoporosis. GH may also be given
What is cystic hygroma?
Webbed neck
What are the features of Turner’s syndrome?
- Primary amenorrhoea
- Streak ovaries
- Short stature
- Webbed neck
- Shield chest (wide-spaced nipples)
- Poorly formed secondary sexual characteristics
- Newborns may have peripheral oedema and cardiac deformities including coarctation of the aorta, pulmonary stenosis or bicuspid aortic valves
In what condition is female pseudohermaphroditism commonly seen?
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
What is the second most common cause of primary amenorrhoea?
Mullerian agenesis
What % of women with Mullerian agenesis also have renal problems?
20-30%
How does Mullerian agenesis affect the vagina?
The vagina may be absent or shortened (though the external genitalia is normal). It may require progressive dilatation or reconstructive surgery to make it more functional
What are koliocytes?
Cells infected with HPV. They appear to have vacuolated cytoplasm
What is the medical name for genital warts?
Condyloma acuminata
What is the cause of genital warts?
HPV infection
Which HPV types are responsible for 70% of cervical cancers?
HPV 16 and 18
How does HPV cause cancer?
HPV expresses E6 and E7 oncoprotein that interact with p53 and Rb respectively, resulting in malignant transformation
