Respiratory anatomy

Question 1

What is the upper respiratory tract made up of

Answer 1

Nasal cavity
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Larynx

Question 2

Where is the nasal cavities located

Answer 2

From nasal vestibule to nasal choanae
Open into nasopharynx

Question 3

What is the function of the nasal cavity in the respiratory and olfactory region

Answer 3

Respiratory - create turbulent flow. ciliated muscosa warms and moists the air

Olfactory - innervated by olfactory nerves
Inspired air pass into nasopharynx from nasal chonae

Question 4

Describe the structure of the lower respiratory tract

Answer 4

Cricoid cartilage at C6 level
Trachea starts below cricoid cartilage at C7 level
Trachea bifurcates into right and left main bronchi at T4/T5

Question 5

What is the structure of the lungs

Answer 5

Carina at T4/T5
Left & right lungs
Left & right main bronchi
Lobar bronchi lobes
Segmental bronchi

Question 6

Describe the structure and function of bronchial tree

Answer 6

Bronchi continue to branch to bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles reach respiratory bronchioles to alveolar sacs where the ends of alveolar sacs are surrounded by capillary networks

Question 7

Describe the pleura and pleura cavity

Answer 7

Lungs are covered by double layer of serous membrane
Parietal pleura attached on inner surface of thoracic wall
Visceral pleura attached to surface of lungs and follows interloper fissures
Serous fluid in pleural cavity facilitate lung movements

Question 8

What happens during pneumothorax

Answer 8

Pleura maintains negative intrapleural pressure
Air in pleural cavity

Question 9

Name the structure of thoracic cage

Answer 9

Sternum
True ribs 1-7
Intercostal space
Costal cartilage
False ribs 8-11
Floating ribs (12th rib)

Question 10

Name the structure of the sternum

Answer 10

Jugular/sternal notch - T2
Sternal angle - T4 & T5
Xiphoid process - T9 & T10

Question 11

Describe the structure of typical ribs

Answer 11

Ribs 3-9
2 demi-facets for articulation with vertebral bodies
Subcostal groove to act as protection

Question 12

Describe the structure of atypical ribs

Answer 12

Ribs 1, 2, 10, 11, 12
Atypical length
Ribs 1 & 2 are flat
Ribs 1, 10, 11, 12 articulate only with their corresponding vertebra

Question 13

What are true ribs

Answer 13

Ribs 1-7
Costal cartilage of each rib articulates directly with sternum

Question 14

What are false ribs

Answer 14

Ribs 8-10
Don’t articulate with sternum

Question 15

What are floating ribs

Answer 15

Ribs 11-12
Only articulate with vertebrae

Question 16

What is the primary muscle of respiration and describe its structure and function

Answer 16

Diaphragm
Separates from the thoracic from the abdominal cavity
Innervated by the phrenic nerve (C3-C5)
Contraction increases thoracic cavity volume in a supers-inferior direction
Openings in the diaphragm allow passage of structures between thorax and abdomen

Question 17

Name another muscle of respiration

Answer 17

Intercostal muscle found in space between adjacent ribs
Has 3 layers: External muscle mostly used for inspiration, internal intercostal muscle and innermost intercostal muscle used mostly in expiration specifically forced expiration