Respiratory Anatomy Flashcards
What is the superior thoracic aperture/anatomical thoracic inlet bound by?
- the first thoracic vertebra (T1) posteriorly
- the first pair of ribs laterally
- the costal cartilage of the first rib and the superior border of the manubrium anteriorly
Where is the superior thoracic aperture/anatomical thoracic inlet found?
Gap at top of the rib cage
What is the inferior thoracic aperture/thoracic outlet bound by?
- 12th thoracic vertebra posteriorly
- 11th and 12th pairs of ribs laterally
- costal cartilages of ribs 7 through 10 and xiphisternal joint anteriorly
Where is the inferior thoracic aperture/thoracic outlet found?
Gap at the bottom of the rib cage
Where is the sternal angle found?
At the lower border of T4 vertebra
What shape is the first rib?
Broad and flat
The upper surface of the first rib is marked by two shallow grooves, what are these grooves for?
Subclavian vein/artery
What are the two grooves on the first rib separated by?
Scalene tubercle
What is the purpose of the scalene tubercle?
Attachment of the anterior scalene muscle
What type of joint is the costovertebral joints?
Synovial plane joint
What are the different types of intercostal muscles?
External, internal, and innermost
What happens to the muscles during inspiration?
Diaphragm contracts (pull down lungs) and chest muscles expand (pull out lungs) causing air to be sucked in like a vacuum
What is a paranasal sinus?
Space inside the bones that surround the nose
What are the 4 paranasal sinuses?
1.) frontal
2.) ethmoid
3.) sphenoid
4.) maxillary
What do the paranasal sinuses do?
Help the air to circulate and get warm/moist, they also help to amplify the voice (why you sound different with a blocked nose or when you cover your nose)
What is the point called where the trachea splits into the main stem bronchi?
Carina
How many lobes are in the left lung and what are they called?
2, superior and inferior
How many lobes are in the right lung, and what are they called?
3, superior, middle, inferior
What fissure separates the superior and inferior lobes on both the right and left lungs?
Oblique fissure
What fissure separates the superior and middle lobes on the right lung?
Horizontal fissure
What differs between the right main stem bronchus and the left main stem bronchus?
The right one is wider and more vertical than the left, so if you inhale something big that can’t get coughed up it is more likely to go into the right lung
How many generation of bronchi have cartilage?
Trachea + first 3 generations of bronchi
What muscle is present in the trachea and first few generations of bronchi, and with nerves from which nervous system?
Smooth muscles, nerves from the autonomic nervous system
What receptors are present in the smooth muscle that lines the trachea and first few generation of bronchi?
Beta 2 adrenergic receptors and muscarinic receptors
What type of cells is the airway commonly lined with?
Ciliated columnar cells and goblet cells
What is the mucociliary escalator?
The goblet cells secrete mucus, which helps trap particles. Then the ciliated columnar cells beat rhythmically together to move the mucus and any trapped particles from the air towards the pharynx, where they can either be spit out or swallowed.
What is the term used to describe the “little bronchi” that are present after the first three generations of bronchi?
Conducting bronchioles
What cells line the conducting bronchioles?
Goblet cells, ciliated columnar cells and club cells
What do club cells secrete?
Glycosaminoglycans
What does glycosaminoglycans do?
Protects bronchiolar epithelium
What name describes the last part of the conducting bronchioles?
Terminal bronchioles
Where does the air travel after the terminal bronchioles?
Respiratory bronchioles
Why are the respiratory bronchioles unique?
They have alveoli that branch off their walls
When do the respiratory bronchioles finish?
When there is nothing but
