Respiratory-anatomy

Question 1

describe the anatomy of the nose and defining characteristics of the nasal cavities

Answer 1

Lateral wall of nasal cavity :

• 3 curved bones called conchae(inferior, middle,superior)
• these form meatuses which help increase surface area with inspired air

Question 2

which cranial nerve innervates the nose and provides sense of smell?

Answer 2

• olfactory nerve(smell)

- trigeminal nerve(sensation)

Question 3

describe the vascular supply and innervation of the nose including brief overview of the pathway of smell

Answer 3

Cranial nerve 1-olfactory comes from the cribriform plate foramina and this nerve provides sense of smell
but
Cranial nerve 5-trigeminal provides general sensation
-general sensory innervation to the septum and lateral walls is delivered by nasopalatine nerve(branch of maxillary nerve V1) and the nasociliary nerve (branch of ophthalmic nerve V2)

Question 4

describe the paranasal Sinuses and how the link to the nasal cavity

Answer 4

-4 paranasal air filled spaces
-lined by respiratory mucosa (mucous secreting goblet cells)
clinical relevance:
sinusitis(inflammation of mucous membranes)

Question 5

describe the general anatomy of the pharynx and its function in breathing

Answer 5

• pharyngeal opening of the Eustachian tube into the nasopharynx
• divided into:nasopharynx,oropharnyx and laryngopharynx

Question 6

describe the general anatomy of the larynx and its role in airways

Answer 6

-larynx is above trachea ,opens into the pharynx posterior and superior and inferior to the tongue
-C3-C6
-posteriorly-esophagus
-9 cartilaginous skeleton and hyoid bone
-functions as a valve to close the lower respiratory tract and helps produce sound
-3 large unpaired cartilages:epiglottis,thyroid C4,cricoid
-3x2 smaller paired cartilages:
arytenoid,corniculate,cuneiform

Question 7

what structure does the recurrent left laryngeal nerve go around ?

Answer 7

arch of the aorta

Question 8

recurrent laryngeal nerve

Answer 8

• sensory:innervates all intrinsic muscles of the larynx except cricothyroid
• the left recurrent laryngeal nerve has a long course, extending down into the chest and looping under the aortic arch, up to the larynx=more common paralysis
• the right recurrent laryngeal nerve is shorted and loops around the subclavian artery

Question 9

trachea

Answer 9

• starts at cricoid cartilage c6
• bifurcates at carina t4
• made up of C shaped cartilage with tracheal muscle at the back to allow expansion of oesophagus during swallowing

Question 10

bronchi

Answer 10

right-wider,shorter,more vertical

left-narrower,longer ,more horizontal because of the heart and aroma on the L side

Question 11

what nerve innervate the diaphragm?

Answer 11

phrenic nerve

Question 12

the chest wall

Answer 12

-consists of the rib cage and the intercostal spaces
12 ribs=11 intercostal spaces
intercostal space comprises of the intercostal muscles and intercostal neurovascular bundle

Question 13

explain the innervation of the respiratory muscles and how this regulates breathing

Answer 13

the PHRENIC nerve innervates the diaphragm, however the actual lung structures like the trachea and branch are innervated by the VAGUS nerve
NB: C3,4,5 keeps the diaphragm alive

Question 14

structures that pass through the diaphragm include;

Answer 14

• vena cava T8
• oesophagus and vagus nerve T10
• aorta and cisterna chyli T12

Question 15

conducting airways

Answer 15

nose, pharynx,larynx,trachea,bronchi and bronchioles

Question 16

suprasternal notch

Answer 16

T2/T3

Question 17

sternal angle of Louis

Answer 17

T4/T5

Question 18

Xiphisternum

Answer 18

T9

Question 19

what region of the pharynx does the Eustachian tube connect to ?

Answer 19

nasopharynx

Question 20

the lung is innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system via which nerve

Answer 20

Vagus nerve

Question 21

trachea bifurcates at the level of sternal angle into the left and right…

Answer 21

main bronchi