Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Foundations 1 > respiratory > Flashcards

respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pathophysiology of Chronic Bronchitis?

A

Chronic inflammation; lots of mucus in the bronchi

swelling of the bronchi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the pathophysiology of Asthma?

A

lumen/bronchioles gets smaller (react to something in the air), wheezing will occur
bronchi constricts; narrow; wheezes
can be triggered by cold; activity
childhood; inflammatory response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the pathophysiology of Emphysema ?

A

Emphysema- loss of long elasticity due to hyperinflation of the lung. High protease levels cause alveolar damage and elastin breakdown. Air trapping occurs which causes barrel chest.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Explain the rationale for the VS and assessment data in a patient with COPD:

Temperature

A

Due to pneumonia the body works harder and is more sceptible to infection

Body is fighting infection. Patient’s with COPD higher risk for respiratory infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Explain the rationale for the VS and assessment data in a patient with COPD:

Pulse

A

Heart is working harder at rest and in general to maintain adequate oxygen perfusion

dysrhythmias develop

increased pulse due to strain and body working harder.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Explain the rationale for the VS and assessment data in a patient with COPD:

Respiration

A

increased respiration rate because you have to work harder to breathe;

Can inhale; but difficulty exhaling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Explain the rationale for the VS and assessment data in a patient with COPD:

Blood Pressure

A

increased workload on the heart to get the same amount of oxygen and blood to the tissues

increased pressure in lungs and pressure on the heart which makes it harder to work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Explain the rationale for the VS and assessment data in a patient with COPD:

Oxygen Saturation

A

decrease in the oxygen attached to hemoglobin in the blood which decreases the pulse ox measurement; r/t patient difficulty breathing and attaining enough oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Explain the rationale for the VS and assessment data in a patient with COPD:

Anxiety

A

Anxiety is a physiological response to the stress of breathing and harder workload to support body systems.

patient is not able to breathe so their anxiety is increased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Explain the rationale for the VS and assessment data in a patient with COPD:

Cachexia

A

Wasting and weakness of the body
r/t lack of oxygen and nutrients to the body systems

due to a lifelong disease affecting respiratory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Explain the rationale for the VS and assessment data in a patient with COPD:

Dyspnea

A

difficulty breathing b/c alveoli are enlarged with trapped air; bronchioles harded and loose elasticity

due to not letting all of air out of lungs and not able to breathe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Explain the rationale for the VS and assessment data in a patient with COPD:

Sputum

A

Lots of thick, yellow sputum which coats the airways and decreases the elasticity of bronchioles; makes difficult to breathe

also difficult to get air out of the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are some assessments the nurse may find for a patient that is admitted to the hospital with COPD?

A

wheezes because of decreased bronchi
diminished lung sounds
enlarged neck muscles - using accessory muscles
tripod position-expand lung capacity
barrel chest
nonproductive cough
pursed lip breathing
thin r/t decreased appetite- too hard because their SOB, and increased work of breathing
clubbing (from long term hypoxia)
delayed cap refill
cyanotic and dark blue/red color because they are overproducing RBC’s (polycythemia) so increased hematocrit
chronic loose productive cough
dyspnea with exertion
lengthened expiratory phase of resp. cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is air-trapping?

What does it do to a patients resp. status?

A

Air trapping is the retention of air in the lungs;
difficult to exhale all the way
caused by emphysema

Breathing in is normal but you can’t exhale all the way because its so inflamed that you can’t get all the air out. The alveoli has a loss of elasticity from bronchial irritants causing inflammation that restricts the airflow causing the air to become trapped. they can’t get rid of their CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

In relation to the air trapping- a patient may have a barrel chest, why?

A

B/c the patient is trying to inhale; your ribs are pushed outwards and the air is trapped inside instead of being exhaled.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is pursed-lip breathing and how would you explain to the pt how to do this?

A

Helps to get oxygen out of lungs

breathing in through your nose for 2-3 seconds and exhaling like you’re breathing through a straw for 4-7seconds

focus shifts to diaphragm and abdominal muscles
shortened inspiratory phase and prolonged expiratory phase

17
Q

Why would bronchodilators be used to treating puts with COPD? What instructions would you give the patient on proper use?

A

Helps to relax smooth muscle
most common=albuterol

Trigger as you inhale
Shake before use, exhale before you inhale,
Can use a spacer
Clean Mouth piece each use
Oral Care after to avoid Thrush
Wait 1 minute between puffs
Carry with you at all times
18
Q

common side effects of bronchodilators

A 
Diarrhea,
Stomach ache,
Headache,
Tachycardia,
Muscle cramps,
N/V
19
Q

When assessing a patient with respiratory disease, the nurse evaluates a reading from the pulse oximeter.

What does an oximeter measure?

Identify ranges of oxygen saturation

A

Measures the amount oxygen attached to hemoglobin in the blood.

Normal: 95-100%
Low: <90%
COPD: 88-90% (will be lower as the disease progresses)

20
Q

What are some important nursing considerations when administering oxygen to a patient with COPD?

A

Find the patient’s normal oxygen saturation level
Increase oxygen SLOWLY (CAUTION MAY STOP BREATHING)
Watch for skin breakdown

People with COPD normally have a lower oxygen, higher CO2 level

Start off slow: 1.. move to 2.. etc, don’t give them too much-will make them stop breathing

21
Q

Would a patient with COPD normally have respiratory acidosis or respiratory alkalosis? What is your rationale?

A

respiratory acidosis

Retaining CO2

22
Q

Your patient asks you if there are any dietary considerations to consider since they have been recently diagnosed with Emphysema. What are some nutritional restrictions or implications to discuss with your patient?

A 
no carbonated drinks-gas-because it fills them up quick
rest periods
small frequent meals
easily to chew foods
high nutrient density
high protein foods
increase calories
high fat
low carb - prevent CO2 excess in the body after carb breakdown
balance fluids vs nutrients
23
Q

You notice that the client has a box of dark chocolate at his bedside and he informs you that he eats 4-5 pieces when he wakes up during the night. What is the basis for this craving?

A

This person is probably craving the caffeine that is in chocolate.

Caffeine is a natural bronchodilator, although it is a weak one, it helps them breath easier.

24
Q

What assessments would the nurse would expect to find in a patient with acute respiratory distress vs COPD?

A

ARD-cyanosis, SOB, increased inspiration phase, anxiety, diaphoretic, decreased O2; lethargy; hyperkalemia ; twitchy; inspire=expire

COPD-clubbing, increased access muscle, barrel chest, cyanotic, increased expiration phase, increased CO2 (LESS SEVERE S/S)

25
Q

Hypercapnia (a form of respiratory failure) is considered ___________ failure?

A

Gas Exchange failure

PaCO2 > 45mmHg

O2 slows drive=increases O2 retained

26
Q

Hypoxemia (a form of respiratory failure) is considered __________ failure?

What would the PaO2 level be ?

A

oxygenation failure

PaO2<80mmHg

27
Q

How does COPD affect the CV system?

A

increased HR, workload, BP, polycythemia (increase in hematocrit), risk for DVT, immobility, inflammation

right sided heart failure: edema, anorexia, GI issues, decreased venous return

28
Q

How does COPD affect the renal system?

A

decreased renal perfusion
80% gone before symptoms
acidosis-creatinine and BUN

29
Q

How does COPD affect the GI system?

A

lungs are over inflated putting pressure on the diaphragm down; which pushes down on the GI system

GI system slows down creating anorexia

30
Q

How does COPD affect Skin Integrity?

A 
altered perfusion in skin
Inflammation
Edema
Slow healing wounds
Reddish/bluish color
More altered perfusion
Immobility
SKIN BREAKDOWN!!!!!
31
Q

How does COPD affect the musculoskeletal system?

A

Changes in the structure of the thorax-barrel chest
Muscle wasting
Decreased nutrition and using all energy to breathe, Accessory muscles increase in size

32
Q

How does COPD affect the psychosocial aspect of the patient?

the family ?

A

Patient experiences:
Anxiety
Depression,
Confusion

Family can experience: care-giver role strain

33
Q

Identify the 4 Main COPD Complications

A

Hypoxemia and acidosis

  • Respiratory Infections
  • Cardiac Failure
  • Cardiac Dysrhythmias
34
Q

Identify the Respiratory Changes seen in a patient with Emphysema

A 
Dyspnea
Orthopnea
Prolonged Expiration
Abnormal, rapid, shallow breathing
Accessory Muscle use
Cough- productive vs nonproductive
Abnormal Breathing Sounds
wheezes (insp and exp)
diminished/reduced breath sounds
35
Q

COPD

Signs/Symptoms

A 
Easily Fatigued
Frequent Respiratory Infections
Use of Accessory Muscles to Breathe
Orthopneic
Dysrhythmias
Cor Pulmonale (late in disease)
Thin in Appearance
Wheezing
Pursed-lip breathing
Chronic Cough
Barrel Chest
Dyspnea (Increase in RR)
Prolonged Expiratory Time
Bronchitis--increased sputum
Digital clubbing
Increased pCO2 (RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS)
36
Q

Describe what you would expect to see in a patient with Respiratory Acidosis and identify possible causes

A 
hypoventilation--HYPOXIA
rapid, shallow respirations
Decrease in BP
Skin/Mucosa--pale to cyanotic
Dysrhythmias (increase in K+)
"Can't catch my breath"
Drowsiness, dizziness, disorientation
Muscle Weakness (hyperreflexia)
37
Q

Describe what you would expect to see in a patient with Respiratory Alkalosis and identify possible causes

A 
Hyperventilation (Increase rate and depth)
Tachycardia
Normal or Decrease in BP
Hypokalemia
Numbness/Tingling of extremeties
Hyper Reflexes and muscle cramping
Seizures
Increase in Anxiety and Irritability

Foundations 1 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions