Respiratory Flashcards
Which are potential consequences of hypoventilation?
Hypoxia: low oxygen in tissues
Hypercapnia: increase of CO2
Respiratory acidosis occurs when blood carbon dioxide levels are?
Too high
Consequences of hyperventilation?
Respiratory alkalosis
Hypocapnia
Rising blood pH
Which are terms to describe the types of hypoventilation?
Hypopnea
Bradypnea
What is gas exchange?
The movement of respiratory gases between blood and either alveoli or cells of systemic tissues.
What else is know as the windpipe?
Trachea
Which are functions of the larynx?
Serves as a passage for air
Blocks food and drink from entering airway
Produces sound for speech
The ______ fissure separates the superior and middle lobe, while the ________ fissure separates the middle from the inferior lobe.
Horizontal
Oblique
What affects the ability of blood to carry oxygen?
The presence of hemoglobin
The solubility coefficient of oxygen
The parietal pleura lines which structures?
Lateral surfaces of the mediastinum
Internal thoracic walls
Superior surface of the diaphragm
The relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood and the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin is described by the ____________-___________ ______________ curve.
Oxygen-hemoglobin
Saturation
The sum of all the volumes including residual volume and the maximum volume of the air that the lungs can hold is called _________ ___________ ___________.
Total lung capacity (TLC)
Which statement describes the movement of oxygen during external respiration?
Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli to the blood.
Place the gases below in order of solubility, most soluble to least soluble.
CO2->O2->N2
A pressure _________ exists when two interconnected regions have gases at different pressures.
Gradient
The type of alveolar cell that promotes rapid gas diffusion across the alveolar wall is the _______.
Alveolar type I cell
Which among the four continuous and simultaneous processes of respiration?
Systemic gas exchange
Gas transport
Alveolar gas exchange
Pulmonary ventilation
During external respiration the PCO2 in alveolar capillaries decrease from ___ mmHg to _____ mm Hg.
45 to 40
The apex of the lung projects superiorly to a point that is slightly superior to the bone called?
Clavicle
Which are parts of the conducting zone?
Nose Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchus Bronchiole Terminal bronchiole
What are the components of the respiratory zone?
Respiratory bronchiole
Alveolar duct
Alveoli
What are the components of upper respiratory tract?
Nose
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
What are the lower respiratory tract components?
Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles (terminal and respiratory) Alveolar ducts Alveoli
What is the openings called that lead into the nasal cavity?
Choanae or posterior nasal aperturas
The roof of the nasal cavity is composed of what bones?
Nasal
Frontal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Describe the nasopharynx?
Superior most portion
Located directly posterior to the nasal cavity
Lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Open to auditory tubes
Has pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids when enlarged)
Describe the oropharynx?
Posterior to oral cavity
Contains palatine tonsils
Lingual tonsils
Describe the laryngopharynx?
Most inferior portion
Place the items from superficial to deep?
Hyaline cartilage
Elastic connective tissue
Areolar connective tissue
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Elastic connective tissue->hyaline cartilage-> areolar connective tissue-> pseudostrtified ciliated columnar epithelium
Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium can be found lining what area of the respiratory tract?
Oropharynx
The largest unpaired laryngeal cartilage is the?
Thyroid cartilage
The open ends of the tracheal cartilages are attached posteriorly by both the ________ and an elastic ligamentous membrane.
Trachealis muscle
The smallest respiratory bronchioles subdivide into thin airways called?
Alveolar ducts
The pharynx is shared region between which two body systems?
Respiratory and digestive
The vestibule and vocal folds are found in the?
Larynx
The terminal bronchioles divide into?
Respiratory bronchioles->alveolar ducts-> alveolar sac
Describe what happens in pulmonary ventilation?
Inspiration: changes the volume in three ways (L,W, and Depth). The thoracic cavity increase in volume to accommodate expansion of the lungs with the help of muscles. This is mainly regulated by changes in the thoracic diaphragm. The diaphragm contracts by flattening. As intercostal muscles contract they elevate the ribs and the sternum anteriorly.
Expiration:
The diaphragm is elevated as it relaxes and the length of the thoracic cavity decreases.
***the intercostal muscles regulate the depth and width of the thoracic cavity.
Elevation of the ribs increases thoracic cavity how?
Width.
What does alveolar type I cell do?
They are squamous alveolar cells and involved in diffusion of gases
What do alveolar type II cells do?
They are septal cells and secrete surfactant
What do alveolar macrophages do?
They are dust cells and engulf microorganisms
True or false:
Bronchioles have a proportionately thicker layer of smooth muscle than bronchi and contraction of this smooth muscle narrows the diameter of the bronchiole, referred to as bronchodilator.
False
True or False:
The respiratory membrane is only 0.5 micrometer thick and consists of an alveolar epithelium and its basement membrane, and a capillary endothelium and its basement membrane.
True
In general, _______ P(O2), ________ P(CO2), and production of H+, will cause greater stimulation of the respiratory center?
Decreased and increase
What are the components of the larynx?
Epiglottis Vestibule fold Thyroid cartilage Vocal fold Cricoid cartilage Corniculate cartilage control vocal cords Arytenoid cartilage control vocal cords Arytenoid muscle tightens vocal cords
Two inward forces that promote lung collapse?
Elastic recoil of the lungs decreases the size of the lung
Surface tension of alveolar fluid acts to reduce the size
Outward force to expand the lungs?
Elasticity of the chest walls pulls the thorax outward.
During systemic gas exchange blood P(O2)?
decreases from 95 to 40 mm Hg.
During alveolar gas exchange, blood P(CO2)
decreases from 45 to 40 mm Hg.
At the arterial ends of the pulmonary capillaries the P(O2) is
lower in the capillaries than in the alveoli.
The ranking from highest to lowest P(O2) in the area of the arterial ends of the tissue capillaries is
capillaries, tissue fluid, cells.
At the venous ends of the pulmonary capillaries the P(CO2) is
equal in the capillaries and in the alveoli.
Name all of the ways that resistance may be increased in the lungs
Decreased elasticity of chest wall
Bronchoconstriction
Increased alveolar surface tension
The respiratory center is composed of the medullary respiratory center and the pontine respiratory center: True or False
True
Shallow breathing is more effective for maximizing alveolar ventilation than slower, deeper breathing: True or False
False
A healthy person should be able to expel 75–85% of the vital capacity in 1 second: True or False
True
Oxygen diffuses across the respiratory membrane from the alveoli into the capillaries because of the P(O2) partial pressure gradient: True or False
True
Gases diffuse because of differences in partial pressures from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure: True or False
True
As the lungs expand while breathing, the pressure in the lungs decreases: True or False
True
As the diaphragm relaxes, it is depressed (moves inferiorly): True or False
False
The main function of the sympathetic innervation on the lungs is?
Bronchodilation
If no other forces were acting on the lungs, they would collapse. What is the reason for this?
The elastic tissue content of the lung
The lungs remain inflated despite their tendency to collapse. What is the reason for this?
The negative intrapleural pressure relative to intrapulmonary pressure
The largest percentage of carbon dioxide is transported in the blood
as bicarbonate dissolved in the plasma.
Hemoglobin is capable of transporting
carbon dioxide bound to the globin
A condition called _______ is when blood P(CO2) decreases below normal levels.
hypocapnia
During exercise, both oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production increase in response to elevated rates of cellular respiration but blood P(O2) and P(CO2) levels remain relatively the same.
True or false
True
During normal quiet breathing, the _____ is inactive and exhalation is a passive event that does not require nervous stimulation.
ventral respiratory group
Hyperpnea would results in ___________ within the blood.
An increase in pressure (oxygen) and a decrease in pressure (carbon dioxide)
Decreased pressure(carbon dioxide) results in an increase in blood pH levels. Both of those conditions results in a shift of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to the ___________. This shift ____________ hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen.
Left; increase
Increased levels of 2,3 BPG occur in response to decreased blood pH levels. With all other variables unchanged, an increased concentration of 2,3 BPG in the blood would _______________.
Results in a shift of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to the right enhancing unloading of oxygen at the tissues.
Under normal conditions, the alveolar oxygen partial pressure is ______________ than the atmospheric oxygen partial pressure.
Always lower
Within the Tibetan highlander population, genetic variation has been found to determine relative oxygen-hemoglobin saturation levels. Individuals within this population may be homozygous for either the low oxygen saturation gene or the high oxygen saturation gene. Individuals may also be heterozygous, carrying one low and one high oxygen saturation gene. Based on this information, individuals within the population carrying ___________ alleles are expected to demonstrated a physiological advantage for survival.
Homozygous high oxygen saturation population.
No genetic differences were found among the Andean population in either oxygen-hemoglobin saturation levels, nor hemoglobin concentrations. However, this group as a whole displayed higher hemoglobin concentration levels than their lower altitude neighbors. The most accurate explanation for this finding is that individuals constantly exposed to lower atmospheric partial pressure for oxygen would have a physiologic response which would __________
Increased the cumulative number of red blood cells.
What decreases oxyhemoglobin levels?
Increased temperature
Decreased pH
Harvey exercise
Increased oxyhemoglobin levels
Decreased P(CO2) Increased P(O2)
The solubility coefficient of carbon dioxide is 0.57. Due to both this value and the _______ partial pressure gradient for CO₂, approximately _________ of carbon dioxide is transported to the alveoli ___________ within the plasma of blood. Hemoglobin is capable of transporting about ______ of the CO₂ ____________ compound. The remaining ____________ of the CO₂ diffuses into erythrocytes and combines with water to form bicarbonate and H⁺. Thus, the largest percentage is carried from the tissue cells to the lungs in plasma _____________.
Small 7% As a dissolved gas 23% As a carbaminohemoglobin 70% As a dissolved bicarbonate
Causes of hypoventilation?
Can be caused by bradypnea
Can be caused by hypopnea
Can be caused by obesity
O2 levels decreased and CO2 levels increased in the alveoli
What caused hyperventilation?
Can be caused by anxiety
Can be caused by ascending to a high altitude
PO2 levels increased and PCO2 levels decreased in the alveoli
Hypopcapnia can occur
The result of inspiration on the alveolar volume and pressure is?
Increased alveolar volume causes decreased alveolar pressure.
The result of expiration on the alveolar volume and pressure is?
Decreased alveolar volume causes increased alveolar pressure.
The ____________ is the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration.
residual volume
The volume of air exchanged during normal breathing is called the ____________ .
tidal volume.
After a normal inspiration, the amount of air that can then be inspired forcefully is called the ____________ .
inspiratory reserve volume
The total lung capacity minus the residual volume equals the ____________ .
vital capacity
The vital capacity minus the ____________ equals the inspiratory capacity.
expiratory reserve volume
The effects of obstructive diseases such as asthma or emphysema may be determined by measuring the ____________ .
forced expiratory volume
The law of partial pressure, also known as ____________, states that the individual gases in the air contribute to the total atmospheric pressure as a function of the percentage each gas contributes to the total volume.
Dalton’s laws
If two gases have the same partial pressure, but gas A has a higher water solubility coefficient than gas B, then ___________ will diffuse at a faster rate.
Gas A
_____________ states that the amount of a gas that dissolves in water is a function of its partial pressure and its solubility coefficient.
Henry’s laws
If the alveolar partial pressure of gas A is 110 mm Hg and the partial pressure of gas B is 135, then ____________ will diffuse into the blood at a faster rate.
Gas B
If the P(CO2) in the tissues increases, then the P(CO2) in the systemic venous blood will ____________.
Increase
