Immune System Flashcards
Identify the type of infectious agent that is a prokaryote cell?
Bacteria
True or False: viruses are cells
False
Mold and yeast are toes of?
Fungí
Malaria is an example of a disease caused by?
Protozoan
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is caused by prions. It’s is also called ________ disease.
Cow
Identify the cells that produce histamine and heparin?
Basophils and mast cells
Identify the immune cells associated with allergies and asthma?
Eosinophils
Antimicrobial proteins are part of the ___________ immune system?
Innate
Identify the type of microbe that interferon targets?
Viruses
The complement system is made of 30 different __________.
Proteins
The compliment is activated by two ways. The alternative pathway occurs…..
When a bacteria or fungus binds directly to the complement protein.
What is cytolysis?
When various complement proteins kill target cells through the creation of a protein channel that allows fluid to enter the cell.
What are the steps of inflammation?
First release of various chemicals
Second vascular changes: vasodilation
Third recruitment of immune cells
Fourth delivery of plasma proteins
Identify the process in which leukocytes tightly adhere to capillaries.
Margination
What is there function of pyrogens?
Induce fever
During inflammation increased fluid, protein, and immune cells leave the capillaries and enter the interstitial space. This material is called:
Exudate
What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?
Redness
Heat
Swelling
What is the process used by natural killer cells to detect unhealthy cells?
Immune surveillance
Which cells are phagocytes?
Macrophages and neutrophils
The type of complement activation that requires the presence of antibodies?
Alternative pathway
B-lymphocytes and T- lymphocytes identify pathogenic organisms by recognizing their…..
antigens
Humoral immunity is?
Antibody mediated immunity
IgG is?
Predominant antibody in the blood
It can neutralize snake venom
It can cross the placenta
Identify the type of hypersensitivity that occurs within 1 to 3 hours of exposure.
Subacute hypersensitivities
Hives, allergic asthma, and allergic rhinitis may occur during the ________ phase of acute hypersensitivity course hero
Effector phase
What affects an antigen’s immunogenicity?
Foreignness
Size
Complexity
Quantity
Dendritic cells also called?
Langerhans cells and live in the skin
First line of defense includes?
Skin and mucosal membrane
The second line of defense?
Eosinophils, inflammation, and fever
Third line of defense?
Cell-mediated immunity, lymphocytes, and antibodies
Interferons (IFNs) are a class of __________ released from a variety of cells, including leukocytes and ____________. INF serves as a _____________ defense mechanism against the spread of any ____________ infection.
- Cytokines
- Fibroblast
- No specific
- Viral
The binding of a ______ to a portion of bacteria or other cell type that enhances its removal by __________ is a process called ___________. The binding protein is called an ________. The binding of __________ makes it more likely that a substance is identified and engulfed by phagocytic cells.
- Protein
- Phagocytosis
- Opsonization
- Opsonin
- Complement
One of the most important consequences produced by the inflammatory response is a net movement of fluid from the ____________ through the infected or injured area and then into the __________ vessels. Increased fluid, protein, and ___________ leave the capillaries and then enter the ___________ of the tissue; this material is collectively referred to as ____________. This delivers cells and substances needed to eliminate the injurious agent and promote healing.
- Blood
- Lymph
- Immune cells
- Interstitial space
- Exudate
Where are dendritic cells found?
T-lymphocytes?
Microglia?
Mast cells?
Epidermis
Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils
Brain
Connective tissue
What is respiratory burst?
Is a rapid increase in the production of reactive oxygen species during the phagocytosis of microbes.
When interferon attaches to a cell?
Virus can enter the cell but cannot replicate.
What stimulates macrophages and NK cells to destroy virus infected cells?
Interferon
Histamine released by mast cells leads to all of the following of symptoms?
Capillary dilation
Mucus secretion
Itching
Airway constriction
The inflammation response triggers?
Dilation of capillaries Pain Itching Constriction of airways Production of mucus
During inflammation response arrange cells in the sequence they occur?
Neutrophils roll along endothelium
Integrin activation
Margination
During the inflammatory response _________ degranulate and release ____________.
Mast cells
Histamine
Complement is what and leads to what?
A group of serum proteins
Leads to inflammation, cell lysis, and opsonization.
What is the classical pathway?
Activation of complement by C1 being activated when it binds to antibody-antigen complex. C1 cleaves C2 into C2a and C2b and C4 into C4a/C4b. C3 concertase is a protease formed by C4b and C2b coming together. This protease makes C3a/C3b.
What is the alternative pathway?
Antigens such as endotoxins react with C3b and then react with factor B, Factor D, and Properdin to form C3 convertase which cleaves C3 into C3a/C3b.
What are the functions of C3a and C3b?
C3a activates inflammation
C3b is involved in marking more C3a/C3b and binding to bacteria cell membrane to be phagocytosis this is called opsonization.
What happens when C3 convertase bind to properdin?
Create C5 convertase to make C5a/C5b which C5a enhances inflammation by acting as a chemo attractant for phagocytes and C5b reacts with other complement components like c6,c7,c8,c9 to make membrane attack complex. This forms a hole in the cell membrane and causes the cell to lysis.
Class MCH 1 are?
Membrane proteins that display virus protein fragments on the infected cell’s surface.
Cytotoxic T cells?
These cells interact with the viral fragments and the MCH class 1. This causes the cytotoxic T cell to release perforins which cause the cell to apoptosis.
An antigen that induces an immune response is more specifically called an ______________, and its ability to cause an immune response is termed its ____________. Important attributes that affect an antigen’s immunogenicity include degree of foreignness, size, complexity, and the _____________ of the antigen. An increase in one or more of the attributes ____________ the antigen’s ability to elicit an immune response.
- Immunogen
- Immunogenicity
- Quantity
- Increase
What is true regarding cytokines:
Their actions are similar to hormones
They regulate immune cells
They include interleukins
What is the inflammatory response?
Begins when injured tissue releases chemicals to signal endothelial cells. Selections attract neutrophils and integrins adhere to the wall by receptor integrin. This is called margination. The inflammatory modulators change the environment and cause mast cells to degranulate and release histamine. Histamine causes vasodilation and opening of endothelial cells to let the neutrophils into tissue. This process is called extravication.
T-lymphocytes go through ___________ selection when thymic epithelial cells with MHC bind to them.
Positive
In ________ selection, the same process must occur, however it must NOT bind to any ____________.
Negative
Self-antigens
What is the difference between cellular and humoral immunity?
Cellular immunity directly attacks pathogens and infected cells, while humoral immunity releases antibodies to do so.
Which of the following is not an antigen-presenting cell?
Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes
An antigen presenting cell presents antigen to a helper T-lymphocyte?
On its surface on a class II MHC.
The CD8 protein binds:
MHC class II molecules
antibodies are bound to the surface of mast cells and basophils and are involved in allergies?
IgE
antibodies are found in all body fluids and are the smallest but most abundant of the antibodies?
IgG
antibodies are the first type of antibody produced in response to an infection?
IgM
antibodies are found as surface receptors on most B -lymphocytes .
IgD
Antibodies are found mainly in areas of the body such the nose, breathing passages, digestive tract, ears, eyes, and vagina?
IgA
