Respiratory Flashcards
what are the names of the four sinuses you have?
frontal
ethmoid
sphenoid
maxillary
what gets closed off when eating?
nasopharynx
+ epiglottis
by uvula + soft palate
what does the epiglottis cover?
larynx
which bronchus is more likely to get aspirated items into it?
right (more vertical)
what makes up the autonomic nervous system?
sympathetic
parasympathetic
what in the lungs are sympathetic receptors? what does this cause?
B2 adrenergic (fight or flight)
bronchodilation
what part of the nervous system controls muscarinic receptors? what does this cause?
parasympathetic
bronchoconstriction
what carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs?
pulmonary arteries (from RHS of heart)
where do the pulmonary veins drain into?
left atrium
what makes an XRAY area darker?
darker - less dense
what type of muscarinic receptors are in the lungs?
M3 ACh
what is the mechanism of SAMA/LAMA? examples?
muscarinic antagonist
-> no bronchoconstriction
SAMA - ipratropium
LAMA - tiotropium
how do SABA work? example of S/L acting?
B2 agonist
short - salbutamol
long - salmeterol
what are LABA always used alongside?
ICS
what type of drug is atropine?
muscarinic antagonist (speeds up heart)
where is the ventilation perfusion ratio in the lungs the highest?
the top
what is a V/Q mismatch?
imbalance between ventilation and perfusion
if V/Q ratio is increased, what does this mean?
ventilation of poorly perfused alveoli
DEAD SPACE
if V/Q ratio is decreased, what does this mean?
perfusion of poorly ventilated alveoli
SHUNT
what is tidal volume?
air inspired/expired in a single breath
what is vital capacity?
difference in lung volume between max exhalation and inhalation
what is the functional residual capacity?
volume of air remaining in the lungs after exhaling a normal TV
what generates respiration?
medulla
how does RR interact with BP? what allows this?
BP falls - RR increases (vice versa)
due to baroreceptors
what causes the oxygen Hb dissociation curve to shift to the R?
things that need more O2 delivery
high H
high CO2
high 2,3 DPG
high temp
what is an aci/alk osis?
producing acid/alkali
what is an aci/alk aemia?
effect on acid base (e.g increase/decrease H)
what is base excess?
indicates how much acid would be needed to return the pH to normal
what is a +/ - BE?
+ too much alkali
- too much acid
what shows up white on XRAY?
denser materials
how many ribs should be seen on a properly inspired XRAY?
10/11 posterior ribs
what does A stand for in CXR interpretation?
Airway
trachea
carina
bronchi
hilum
what does B stand for stand for in CXR interpretation?
what should be checked?
Breathing
lungs
pleura
what does C stand for in CXR interpretation?
what should be checked?
Cardiac
RA, LV, heart size
what does D stand for in CXR interpretation?
what should be checked?
diaphragm
symmetrical
free gas
costophrenic angles
what does E stand for in CXR interpretation?
what should be checked?
Everything else
mediastinum
bones
soft tissue
tubes
