Respiratory

Question 1

what are the names of the four sinuses you have?

Answer 1

frontal
ethmoid
sphenoid
maxillary

Question 2

what gets closed off when eating?

Answer 2

nasopharynx
+ epiglottis

by uvula + soft palate

Question 3

what does the epiglottis cover?

Answer 3

larynx

Question 4

which bronchus is more likely to get aspirated items into it?

Answer 4

right (more vertical)

Question 5

what makes up the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 5

sympathetic

parasympathetic

Question 6

what in the lungs are sympathetic receptors? what does this cause?

Answer 6

B2 adrenergic (fight or flight)

bronchodilation

Question 7

what part of the nervous system controls muscarinic receptors? what does this cause?

Answer 7

parasympathetic

bronchoconstriction

Question 8

what carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs?

Answer 8

pulmonary arteries (from RHS of heart)

Question 9

where do the pulmonary veins drain into?

Answer 9

left atrium

Question 10

what makes an XRAY area darker?

Answer 10

darker - less dense

Question 11

what type of muscarinic receptors are in the lungs?

Answer 11

M3 ACh

Question 12

what is the mechanism of SAMA/LAMA? examples?

Answer 12

muscarinic antagonist
-> no bronchoconstriction

SAMA - ipratropium
LAMA - tiotropium

Question 13

how do SABA work? example of S/L acting?

Answer 13

B2 agonist

short - salbutamol
long - salmeterol

Question 14

what are LABA always used alongside?

Answer 14

ICS

Question 15

what type of drug is atropine?

Answer 15

muscarinic antagonist (speeds up heart)

Question 16

where is the ventilation perfusion ratio in the lungs the highest?

Answer 16

the top

Question 17

what is a V/Q mismatch?

Answer 17

imbalance between ventilation and perfusion

Question 18

if V/Q ratio is increased, what does this mean?

Answer 18

ventilation of poorly perfused alveoli

DEAD SPACE

Question 19

if V/Q ratio is decreased, what does this mean?

Answer 19

perfusion of poorly ventilated alveoli

SHUNT

Question 20

what is tidal volume?

Answer 20

air inspired/expired in a single breath

Question 21

what is vital capacity?

Answer 21

difference in lung volume between max exhalation and inhalation

Question 22

what is the functional residual capacity?

Answer 22

volume of air remaining in the lungs after exhaling a normal TV

Question 23

what generates respiration?

Answer 23

medulla

Question 24

how does RR interact with BP? what allows this?

Answer 24

BP falls - RR increases (vice versa)

due to baroreceptors

Question 25

what causes the oxygen Hb dissociation curve to shift to the R?

Answer 25

things that need more O2 delivery

high H
high CO2
high 2,3 DPG
high temp

Question 26

what is an aci/alk osis?

Answer 26

producing acid/alkali

Question 27

what is an aci/alk aemia?

Answer 27

effect on acid base (e.g increase/decrease H)

Question 28

what is base excess?

Answer 28

indicates how much acid would be needed to return the pH to normal

Question 29

what is a +/ - BE?

Answer 29

+ too much alkali

- too much acid

Question 30

what shows up white on XRAY?

Answer 30

denser materials

Question 31

how many ribs should be seen on a properly inspired XRAY?

Answer 31

10/11 posterior ribs

Question 32

what does A stand for in CXR interpretation?

Answer 32

Airway

trachea
carina
bronchi
hilum

Question 33

what does B stand for stand for in CXR interpretation?

what should be checked?

Answer 33

Breathing

lungs
pleura

Question 34

what does C stand for in CXR interpretation?

what should be checked?

Answer 34

Cardiac

RA, LV, heart size

Question 35

what does D stand for in CXR interpretation?

what should be checked?

Answer 35

diaphragm

symmetrical
free gas
costophrenic angles

Question 36

what does E stand for in CXR interpretation?

what should be checked?

Answer 36

Everything else

mediastinum
bones
soft tissue
tubes