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AB 4th Year Basic Science + Investigation Interpretation > Renal > Flashcards

Renal Flashcards

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1
Q

what filters first when blood enters the glomerulus? where does it enter?

A

water
Na
glucose

boweman’s space

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2
Q

where are podocytes found?

A

wrap around basement membrane of the glomerulus

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3
Q

what should NOT be in filtrate?

A

RBC

large proteins

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4
Q

what is in the wall of the afferent arteriole that helps control BP?

A

juxtaglomerular cells

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5
Q

what do juxtaglomerular cells produce? what does this do?

A

renin (produced in response to low BP)

reabsorb Na
increase blood volume
vasoconstruction

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6
Q

what is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule?

A 
water
Na, Cl, K
glucose
uric acid
amino acids
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7
Q

what is reabsorbed in the descending LOH?

A

water

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8
Q

what is reabsorbed in the ascending LOH?

A

Na, Cl, K

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9
Q

what is reabsorbed in the distal convuluted tubule?

A

Na, Cl, K
Ca
Mg
HCO3

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10
Q

what is reabsorbed in the collecting duct?

A

Na, Cl
urea
H20

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11
Q

what is secreted in the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

creatinine

H+

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12
Q

what is secreted in the distal convoluted tubule?

A

H+

K (Na/K transporter)

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13
Q

for HCO3 reabsorption, where is it Na dependent/Cl dependent?

A

Na - proximal convoluted

Cl - distal

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14
Q

what does aldosterone do? where does it work?

A

more Na reabsorption (raise BP)
K loss

distal convuluted
collecting ducts

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15
Q

what does ADH do?

A

increases aquaporin concentration in the collecting ducts (more water retained in circulation)

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16
Q

where do osmotic diuretics work? what do they do?

A

proximal convoluted tubule

increase solute conc in tubule, causes water to be kept in tubules

17
Q

where do loop diuretics work? what do they do?

A

loop of henle

prevent Cl reabsorption, consequently the same with Na/K

also Ca, Mg

18
Q

e.g of loop diuretics?

A

bumetanide

furosemide

19
Q

what hormone is released as a consequence of loop diuretics?

A

renin

due to low PV, increase Na/lose K

20
Q

where do thiazide diuretics work?

A

distal convuluted

prevent Na reabsorption by inhibiting Na/Cl transported

21
Q

what happens to Mg/Cl with thiazide diuretics?

A

Mg secretion increased

Ca decreased

22
Q

what are those taking thiazides at a risk of?

A

gout (due to increased uric acid levels)

23
Q

where do K sparing diuretics work? what do they do?

A

distal convoluted tubule

bind to aldosterone receptor, inhibits Na reabsorption and K secretion

24
Q

what do alpha pancreatic cells secrete? what does this do?

A

glucagon

breaks down glycogen/proteins to raise BM

25
Q

what do delta pancreatic cells secrete? what does this do?

A

somatostatin

decrease insulin/glucose release

increases GI motility

26
Q

what do beta pancreatic cells secrete? what does this do?

A

insulin

glycogen make, glucose uptake

27
Q

when are ketones broken down?

A

when no glucose to be used

28
Q

what does GLP1 do?

A

slows gastric emptying

suppresses glucagon

29
Q

what does GIP do?

A

faster gastric emptying

increases insulin

30
Q

how do DPP-4 inhibitor work?

A

inhibit DPP-4 which prolongs GIP and GLP-1 (which increase insulin)

31
Q

e.g of DPP-4? what are the side effects?

A

gliptins

no wt change
no hypos
pancreatitis

32
Q

how do SU work?

A

cause insulin secretion by closing K channels

33
Q

e.g of SU? what are the side effects?

A

gliclazide

hypos
can’t use in CKD
wt gain

34
Q

how do TZDs work?

A

enhance action of insulin at target tissues

35
Q

e.g of TZDs? what are the side effects?

A

glitazones

wt gain
fluid retention
#

36
Q

how do SGLT-2 inhibitors work?

A

block glucose reabsorption in the PCT

37
Q

e.g of SGLT-2 inhibitors? what are the side effects?

A

dapagloflozin

wt loss
good in renal disease
thrush/UTI

AB 4th Year Basic Science + Investigation Interpretation (5 decks)

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