Renal Flashcards
what filters first when blood enters the glomerulus? where does it enter?
water
Na
glucose
boweman’s space
where are podocytes found?
wrap around basement membrane of the glomerulus
what should NOT be in filtrate?
RBC
large proteins
what is in the wall of the afferent arteriole that helps control BP?
juxtaglomerular cells
what do juxtaglomerular cells produce? what does this do?
renin (produced in response to low BP)
reabsorb Na
increase blood volume
vasoconstruction
what is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule?
water Na, Cl, K glucose uric acid amino acids
what is reabsorbed in the descending LOH?
water
what is reabsorbed in the ascending LOH?
Na, Cl, K
what is reabsorbed in the distal convuluted tubule?
Na, Cl, K
Ca
Mg
HCO3
what is reabsorbed in the collecting duct?
Na, Cl
urea
H20
what is secreted in the proximal convoluted tubule?
creatinine
H+
what is secreted in the distal convoluted tubule?
H+
K (Na/K transporter)
for HCO3 reabsorption, where is it Na dependent/Cl dependent?
Na - proximal convoluted
Cl - distal
what does aldosterone do? where does it work?
more Na reabsorption (raise BP)
K loss
distal convuluted
collecting ducts
what does ADH do?
increases aquaporin concentration in the collecting ducts (more water retained in circulation)
where do osmotic diuretics work? what do they do?
proximal convoluted tubule
increase solute conc in tubule, causes water to be kept in tubules
where do loop diuretics work? what do they do?
loop of henle
prevent Cl reabsorption, consequently the same with Na/K
also Ca, Mg
e.g of loop diuretics?
bumetanide
furosemide
what hormone is released as a consequence of loop diuretics?
renin
due to low PV, increase Na/lose K
where do thiazide diuretics work?
distal convuluted
prevent Na reabsorption by inhibiting Na/Cl transported
what happens to Mg/Cl with thiazide diuretics?
Mg secretion increased
Ca decreased
what are those taking thiazides at a risk of?
gout (due to increased uric acid levels)
where do K sparing diuretics work? what do they do?
distal convoluted tubule
bind to aldosterone receptor, inhibits Na reabsorption and K secretion
what do alpha pancreatic cells secrete? what does this do?
glucagon
breaks down glycogen/proteins to raise BM
what do delta pancreatic cells secrete? what does this do?
somatostatin
decrease insulin/glucose release
increases GI motility
what do beta pancreatic cells secrete? what does this do?
insulin
glycogen make, glucose uptake
when are ketones broken down?
when no glucose to be used
what does GLP1 do?
slows gastric emptying
suppresses glucagon
what does GIP do?
faster gastric emptying
increases insulin
how do DPP-4 inhibitor work?
inhibit DPP-4 which prolongs GIP and GLP-1 (which increase insulin)
e.g of DPP-4? what are the side effects?
gliptins
no wt change
no hypos
pancreatitis
how do SU work?
cause insulin secretion by closing K channels
e.g of SU? what are the side effects?
gliclazide
hypos
can’t use in CKD
wt gain
how do TZDs work?
enhance action of insulin at target tissues
e.g of TZDs? what are the side effects?
glitazones
wt gain
fluid retention
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how do SGLT-2 inhibitors work?
block glucose reabsorption in the PCT
e.g of SGLT-2 inhibitors? what are the side effects?
dapagloflozin
wt loss
good in renal disease
thrush/UTI
