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Med Student Finals > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

Pneumonia

Aetiology (4)

A

Community acquired pneumonia: primary or secondary to underlying disease, Strep pneumoniae –> Haemophilus influenzae –> Mycoplasma pneumoniae –> viruses account for 15%
Hospital acquired (nosocomial, >48hr after admission): gram -ve or Staph aureus
Aspiration: stroke, reduced consciousness, oesophageal disease
Immunocompromised patients

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2
Q

Pneumonia

Signs + Symptoms (12)

A 
Malaise 
Fever
Riggers
Dyspnoea
Cough and purulent sputum 
Haemoptysis 
Pleuritic chest pain 
Cyanosis 
Confusion (may be only sign in elderly) 
Hypotension 
Signs of consolidation: reduced expansion, dull percussion, increased vocal resonance, bronchial breathing 
Pleural rub
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3
Q

Pneumonia

Investigations (5)

A

CXR: lobar/multilobular infiltrates, pleural effusion
Assess saturation: O2 sats, ABG if severe, BP
Bloods: FBC, U&E, LFT, CRP, blood culture
Sputum: microscopy + culture
Legionella (sputum culture and urinary antigen) if severe

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4
Q

Pneumonia

Severity (8)

A 
Confusion (abbreviated mental test <8) 
Ureal (>7mmol/l) 
Respiratory rate (>30/min) 
BP (<90 systolic or <60 diastolic) 
Age >65

0-1: home with/without treatment
2: hospital therapy
3+: severe, consider ITU

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5
Q

Pneumonia

Treatment (7)

A

CURB 0-1: oral amoxicillin or clarithromycin or doxycycline
CURB 2: oral amoxicillin + clarithromycin or doxycycline (IV may be required)
CURB 3+: co-amoxiclav IV or cephalosporin IV and clarithromycin IV, add flucloxacillin +/- rifampicin if Staph suspected or vancomycin if MRSA suspected
Analgesia for pleurisy
O2 if sats <94%
IV fluids
VTE prophylaxis

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6
Q

Pneumonia

Complications (5)

A

Respiratory failure: aim sats 94-98%
Hypotension: due to dehydration and vasodilatation, give IV fluids
Pleural effusion: inflammation of pleura by adjacent pneumonia causing fluid exudation into pleural space
Empyema: pus in pleural space, suspect in patients with resolving pneumonia developing fever
Lung abscess
Septicaemia

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7
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

Aetiology (3)

A

Mutations in CFTR gene on chromosome 7
Cl- channel defect leads to defective chloride secretion and increased sodium absorption across airway epithelium
Autosomal recessive

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8
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

Signs + Symptoms (7)

A

In neonates: failure to thrive, meconium ileum, rectal prolapse
Cough
Wheeze
Recurrent infections
Cor pulmonale
Pancreatic insufficiency (diabetes, steatorrhoea)
Male infertility

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9
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

Investigations (5)

A 
Sweat test: sodium + chloride >60mmol/l
Genetics screen 
Heel prick test (5 days old) 
CXR: hyperinflation, bronchiectasis 
Spirometry: obstructive pattern
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10
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

Treatment (7)

A

Regular chest physio
Antibiotics for acute infective exacerbations and prophylaxis
Mucolytics eg. DNase
Bronchodilators
Pancreatic enzyme replacement
Vitamine supplements (ADEK)
If advanced: non-invasive ventilation/transplant

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11
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

Common bacterial infections (2)

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa in adulthood

Staph aureus + H.influenzae in children

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12
Q

Bronchiectasis

Definition (1)

A

Chronic infection of the bronchi and bronchioles leading to permanent dilation

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13
Q 
Bronchiectasis
Main organisms (4)
A

H. influenzae
Strep pneumoniae
Staph aureus
Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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14
Q

Bronchiectasis

Aetiology (4)

A

Congenital: CF
Post infection: pneumonia, TB, HIV
Bronchial obstruction: tumour, foreign body
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis

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15
Q

Bronchiectasis

Signs + Symptoms (4)

A

Persistent cough and sputum
Finger clubbing
Coarse inspiratory crepitations
Wheeze

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16
Q

Bronchiectasis

Complications (3)

A

Pneumonia
Pleural effusion
Pneumothorax

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17
Q

Bronchiectasis

Investigations (6)

A

Sputum culture
CXR: thickened bronchial walls
HRCT chest: assess extent and distribution of disease
Spirometry: obstructive pattern
Bronchoscopy: obtain samples, exclude obstruction
CF sweat test

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18
Q

Bronchiectasis

Treatment (5)

A 
Postural drainage 
Chest physio 
Antibiotics 
Bronchodilators if asthma, COPD, CF, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis 
Corticosteroids if ABPA
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19
Q

Pulmonary Aspergillus Infection

Effects of Aspergillus on the lung (5)

A

Asthma (type 1 hypersensitivity to fungal spores)
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (causes bronchiectasis, give steroids)
Aspergilloma (fungus ball within pre-existing cavity)
Invasive aspergillosis
Extrinsic allergic alveoli’s

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20
Q 
Lung Cancer
Risk factors (3)
A

Smoking
Asbestos
Radiation

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21
Q

Lung Cancer

Pathology (2)

A

Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: squamous, adenocarcinoma, large cell undifferentiated
Small Cell Lung Cancer: endocrine

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22
Q

Lung Cancer

Signs + Symptoms (8)

A 
Cough 
Haemoptysis 
Dyspnoea 
Chest pain 
Weight loss 
Anaemia 
Clubbing 
Metastatic signs (bone tenderness, hepatomegaly, confusion, fits)
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23
Q

Lung Cancer

Sites of metastatic spread (4)

A

Liver
Adrenal glands
Brain
Bone

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24
Q

Lung Cancer

Complications (3)

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy
Phrenic nerve palsy
SVC obstruction

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25
Q

Lung Cancer

Investigations (6)

A

Cytology: sputum and pleural fluid
CXR: hilar enlargement, consolidation, collapse, pleural effusion
Fine needle aspiration or biopsy of peripheral lesions/superficial lymph nodes
CT: staging
PET: staging
Bronchoscopy: to give histology and assess operability

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26
Q

Lung Cancer

Staging (11)

A

T1: <3cm
T2: >3cm
T3: close to carina or involving chest wall/diaphragm
T4: involves carina, mediastinum, heart, great vessels, trachea, oesophagus
N0: no nodes
N1: peribronchial and/or ipsilateral hilum
N2: ipsilateral mediastinum
N3: contralateral
M0: none
M1a: in other lung
M1b: distant metastases

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27
Q

Lung Cancer

Treatment (3)

A

NSCLC: stage 1/2 surgery, curative radio if respiratory reserve is poor, chemo +/- radio if advanced
SCLC: chemo but relapse rate high and mortality high
Palliation: radio for bronchial/SVC obstruction or haemoptysis

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28
Q

Lung Cancer

Prognosis (2)

A

NSCLC: 50% 2 year survival without spread, 10% with spread
SCLC: survive 3 months if untreated, 1-1.5 years if treated

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29
Q

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Definition (2)

A

May be due to direct lung injury or secondary to severe systemic illness
Lung damage and release of inflammatory mediators cause increase in capillary permeability and pulmonary oedema, often associated with multi organ failure

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30
Q

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Aetiology (4)

A

Pulmonary: pneumonia, injury, inhalation
Shock
Haemorrhage
Septicaemia

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31
Q 
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Risk Factors (6)
A 
Sepsis 
Hypovolaemic shock 
Trauma 
Burns and smoke inhalation 
Diabetic ketoacidosis 
Pneumonia
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32
Q

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Signs + Symptoms (5)

A 
Cyanosis 
Tachypnoea 
Tachycardia 
Peripheral vasoldilatation 
Bilateral inspiratory crackles
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33
Q

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Investigations (3)

A

Bloods: FBC, U+E, LFT, amylase, clotting, CRP, blood cultures
ABG
CXR: bilateral pulmonary infiltrates

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34
Q

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Treatment (5)

A

Admit to ITU
Respiratory support: CPAP/mechanical ventilation
Circulatory support: inotropes (eg. dobutamine), vasodilators, transfusion
Sepsis: identity organism and treat accordingly
Steroids for subacute

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35
Q

Asthma

Definition (1)

A

Recurrent episodes of dyspnoea, cough and wheeze caused by reversible airway obstruction

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36
Q

Asthma

Pathology (3)

A

Bronchial muscle contraction, triggered by a variety of stimuli
Mucosal swelling/inflammation, caused by mast cel and basophil degranulation resulting in release of inflammatory mediators
Increased mucus production

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37
Q

Asthma

Symptoms (6)

A

Intermittent dyspnoea, wheeze, cough (often nocturnal) and sputum
Precipitants: cold air, exercise, allergens (home dust mite, pollen, fur), smoking, B-blockers
Diurnal variation
Disturbed sleep
Acid reflux
Other atopic disease eg. eczema, hay fever

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38
Q

Asthma

Signs (7)

A

Tachypnoea
Wheeze
Hyperinflated chest
Hyperresonant percussion
Severe attack: inability to complete sentences, pulse >110bpm, RR >25
Life-threatening attack: silent chest, confusion, exhaustion, cyanosis, bradycardia
Near fatal: high PaCO2

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39
Q

Asthma

Investigations for chronic (4)

A

PEF monitoring
Spirometry: obstructive defect (low FV1/FVC)
CXR: hyperinflation
Skin prick test may help identify allergens

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40
Q

Asthma

Investigations for attack (5)

A 
PEF 
Sputum culture 
Bloods: FBC, U&amp;E, CRP, cultures 
ABG 
CXR: to exclude infection/pneumothorax
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41
Q 
Asthma 
Chronic treatment (5)
A

Step 1: SABA as required (unless using MART), consider starting low-dose ICS
Step 2: regular preventer (low-dose ICS) + SABA as required
Step 3: initial add-on therapy (add inhaled LABA to low-dose ICS- fixed dose or MART) + SABA as required
Step 4: additional controller therapies (increase ICS to medium dose or add LTRA), if no response to LABA then stop + SABA as required
Step 5: specialist therapies (high dose ICS + oral steroids)

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42
Q

Asthma

Treatment of attack (4)

A

Immediate treatment: nebulised salbutamol, IV hydrocortisone +/- oral prednisolone, start O2 if sats <92%
If life-threatening: salbutamol nebulisers every 15 minutes, add ipratropium to nebulisers, single dose IV magnesium sulfate
If no improvement: consider ventilatory support and intensification of medical therapy eg. aminophylline, IV salbutamol (ITU)
If improving within 15-30 mins: nebulised salbutamol every 4 hours, prednisolone oral for 5-7 days

43
Q

COPD

Definition (2)

A

Progressive disorder characterised by airway obstruction with little/no reversibility
FEV1 <80%

44
Q

COPD

Pathology (1)

A

Chronic bronchitis (clinical diagnosis- cough + sputum) + emphysema (histological diagnosis- enlarged air spaces distal to terminal bronchioles with destruction of alveolar walls)

45
Q 
COPD
Pink puffers (5)
A 
Increased alveolar ventilation 
Near normal PaO2 
Normal/low PaCO2 
Breathless but not cyanosed 
May progress to type 1 respiratory failure
46
Q 
COPD
Blue bloaters (5)
A 
Reduced alveolar ventilation 
Low PaO2 
High PaCO2
Cyanosed but not breathless
May develop cor pulmonale
47
Q

COPD

Signs + symptoms (6)

A 
Cough + sputum 
Dyspnoea + tachypnoea 
Wheeze 
Use of accessory muscles of respiration 
Reduced expansion 
Resonant percussion
48
Q

COPD

Complications (5)

A 
Acute exacerbations +/- infection 
Respiratory failure 
Cor pulmonale 
Pneumothorax 
Lung cancer
49
Q

COPD

Investigations (5)

A

CXR: hyperinflation, flat hemidiaphragms, bullae
ECG: cor pulmonale
ABG: low PaO2 +/- hypercapnia
Spirometry: obstructive pattern (FEV1 <80% of predicted)
Trial of steroids

50
Q

COPD

Severity (4)

A

Stage 1 mild: FEV1 >80% of predicted
Stage 2 moderate: FEV1 50-79% of predicted
Stage 3 severe: FEV1 30-49% of predicted
Stage 4 very severe: FEV1 <30% of predicted

51
Q

COPD

Treatment of stable COPD (5)

A

General: stop smoking, pulmonary rehav, vaccinate against influenza, SAMA (ipratropium)/SABA
Mild/moderate: LAMA (tiotropium)
Severe: LABA + corticosteroids (eg. Symbicort- budesonide + formoterol) or tiotropium
If still symptomatic: tiotropium + ICS + LABA, refer to specialist, consider steroid trial, home nebulisers, theophylline, long term O2 therapy
Indications for specialist referral: rapid FEV1 decline, cor pulmonale, assessment for oral corticosteroids/nebulisers/home O2

52
Q

COPD

Treatment of acute exacerbation (6)

A

Nebulised bronchodilators (salbutamol, ipratropium)
O2 therapy
IV hydrocortisone + oral prednisolone
Antibiotics if infection: amoxicillin, clarithromcyin, doxycycline
If no response to nebulisers + steroids, consider IV aminophylline
If no response: non-invasive ventilation –> intubation + ventilation

53
Q

Pulmonary Embolism

Aetiology (2)

A

Venous thrombosis in pelvis/legs pass through veins and right side of heart before lodging in the pulmonary circulation
Right ventricular thrombus (post MI)

54
Q 
Pulmonary Embolism
Risk factors (7)
A 
Recent surgery 
Thrombophilia 
Leg fracture 
Prolonged bed rest/reduced mobility 
Malignancy 
Pregnancy, post-partum, OCP, HRT
Previous PE
55
Q

Pulmonary Embolism

Signs + symptoms (8)

A 
Acute breathlessness 
Pleuritic chest pain 
Haemoptysis 
Dizziness/syncope 
Cyanosis 
Tachypnoea + tachycardia 
Hypotension 
Raised JVP
56
Q

Pulmonary Embolism

Investigations (6)

A

Bloods: FBC, U&E, baseline clotting, D-dimer (high sensitivity but low specificity)
CXR: may be normal or show dilated pulmonary artery
CTPA: 1st line imaging
ABG: low PaO2, low PaCO2
V/Q scan: rarely done
ECG: normal, tachycardia, right bundle branch block, SIQIIITIII pattern (deep S waves in I, pathological Q waves in III, inverted T waves in III)

57
Q

Pulmonary Embolism

Treatment (7)

A

Oxygen
Morphine
IV unfractionated heparin or SC LMWH
If systolic <90 start colloid infusion but if remains low consider IV noradrenaline
If systolic >90 start warfarin
If PE is massive then thrombolyse (alteplase)
Stop heparin when INR >2 and continue warfarin for minimum 3 months

58
Q

Pneumothorax

Aetiology (4)

A

Spontaneous primary: weight of lung inducing apical blebs that rupture
Spontaneous secondary: pre-existing disease, eg. CF, COPD
Traumatic non-iatrogenic: penetrating or blunt injury
Traumatic iatrogenic: pleural aspiration/biopsy, subclavian vein cannulation

59
Q

Pneumothorax

Pathology (1)

A

Breach of visceral/parietal pleura with entry of air, lung collapses due to elastic recoil

60
Q

Pneumothorax

Signs + symptoms (7)

A 
Asymptomatic if small 
Acute breathlessness 
Pleuritic chest pain 
Reduced breath sounds 
Tracheal deviation (non tension to affected side, tension away from affected side) 
Reduced expansion 
Hyperresonant percussion
61
Q

Pneumothorax

Treatment (3)

A

Tension: chest drain 2nd intercostal space
Chest drain if any trauma
For others try aspirating before chest drain

62
Q

Pleural Effusion

Definition (3)

A

Fluid in the pleural space
Transudates <30g/l protein conc.
Exudates >30g/l protein conc.

63
Q

Pleural Effusion

Aetiology (2)

A

Transudates: increased venous pressure (cardiac failure, fluid overload), hypoproteinaemia (cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome)
Exudates: increased leakiness of pleural capillaries secondary to infection, inflammation or malignancy (pneumonia, TB, RA, SLE)

64
Q

Pleural Effusion

Signs + symptoms (8)

A 
May be asymptomatic 
Dyspnoea 
Pleuritic chest pain 
Reduced expansion 
Stony dull percussion note 
Reduced breath sounds 
Reduced vocal resonance 
If large, tracheal deviation away from effusion
65
Q

Pleural Effusion

Investigations (4)

A

CXR: effusions visible
Ultrasound: identifies pleural fluid
Diagnostic aspiration
Pleural biopsy if aspiration inconclusive

66
Q

Pleural Effusion

Treatment (3)

A

Drainage if symptomatic
Pleurodesis for recurrent effusions
Surgery for persistent collections and increasing pleural thickness

67
Q 
Sarcoidosis
Definition (1)
A

Multisystem granulomatous disorder of unknown cause

68
Q 
Sarcoidosis
Risk factors (3)
A

Age 20-40
Women
Afro-Caribbean affected more frequently and severely

69
Q

Sarcoidosis

Signs + symptoms (7)

A 
Often asymptomatic 
Acute sarcoidosis often presents with erythema nodosum +/- polyarthralgia and resolves spontaneously 
Dry cough 
Progressive dyspnoea 
Chest pain 
Lymphadenopathy 
Hepatmegaly + splenomegaly
70
Q 
Sarcoidosis
Investigations (6)
A

Bloods: high ESR, high LFT, high serum ACE, high Ca, high immunoglobulins
24h urine: high Ca
CXR: bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy –> pulmonary infiltrates –> pulmonary fibrosis –> bulla formation
ECG: arrhythmias or bundle branch block
Bronchoalveolar lavage: high lymphocytes
CT/MRI: to assess severity of pulmonary disease

71
Q 
Sarcoidosis
Treatment (2)
A

Acute sarcoidosis: bed rest, NSAIDs

Indications for corticosteroids: uveitis, hypercalcaemia, neuro/cardiac involvement

72
Q

Interstitial Lung Disease

Definition (2)

A

A number of conditions that primarily affect the lung parenchyma
Characterised by chronic inflammation and/or progressive interstitial fibrosis

73
Q

Interstitial Lung Disease

Signs + symptoms (2)

A

Dyspnoea on exertion

Non productive paroxysmal cough

74
Q

Interstitial Lung Disease

Investigations (3)

A

CXR
HRCT
Spirometry: restrictive patten

75
Q

Interstitial Lung Disease

Classification (3)

A

Those with known cause: occupational (asbestosis), drugs (nitrofuratnoin, sulfasalazine), hypersensitivity reactions (extrinsic allergic alveolitis), infections, GORD
Those associated with systemic disorders: sarcoidosis, RA, SLE, systemic sclerosis, Sjogren’s, ulcerative colitis
Idiopathic: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

76
Q

Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis

Aetiology (2)

A

Proteins in bird droppings

Farmer’s lung (Micropolyspora faeni)

77
Q

Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis

Signs + symptoms (2)

A

Post-exposure: fever, rigors, dry cough, dyspnoea, crackles

Chronic: increased dyspnoea, weight loss, type 1 respiratory failure, cor pulmonale

78
Q 
Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis
Acute investigations (4)
A

Bloods: FBC (neutrophilia), increased ESR
ABG
CXR: upper-zone consolidation, hilar lymphadenopathy
Spirometry: reversible restrictive pattern

79
Q 
Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis
Chronic Investigations (4)
A

Bloods
CXR: upper zone fibrosis
Spirometry: persistent restrictive pattern
Bronchoalveolar lavage: increased lymphocytes and mast cells

80
Q

Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis

Treatment (2)

A

Acute: remove allergen, give O2, oral prednisolone
Chronic: avoid allergen or wear protective equipment, long term steroids

81
Q

Industrial Lung Disease

Silicosis (4)

A

Caused by inhalation of silica particles
Associated jobs: metal mining, pottery/ceramic manufacture
Signs + symptoms: progressive dyspnoea, increased incidence of TB
Investigations: CXR, spirometry (restrictive defect)

82
Q

Industrial Lung Disease

Asbestosis (2)

A

Types of asbestos: chrysotile (white), crocidolite (blue), amosite (brown)
Signs + symptoms: progressive dyspnoea, clubbing, crackles

83
Q 
Industrial Lung Disease
Malignant mesothelioma (5)
A

Definition: tumour of mesothelial cells that usually occurs int he pleura
Aetiology: asbestos
Signs + symptoms: chest pain, dyspnoea, weight loss, clubbing
Investigations: CXR/CT show pleural thickening/effusion, thoracoscopy allows histological diagnosis
Treatment: pemetrexed + cisplatin chemo but prognosis is poor

84
Q

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

Definition (2)

A

A type of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia

Commonest cause of interstitial lung disease

85
Q

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

Signs + symptoms (7)

A 
Dry cough 
Exertional dyspnoea 
Malaise 
Weight loss 
Cyanosis 
Clubbing 
Crepitations
86
Q

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

Investigations (6)

A 
Bloods: high CRP, high immunoglobulins 
ABG: low PaO2, if severe high PaCO2
CXR: reduced lung volume 
CT 
Spirometry: restrictive pattern 
Bronchoalveolar lavage: high lymphocytes (good prognosis), high neutrophils (poor prognosis)
87
Q

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

Treatment (2)

A

Best supportive care: oxygen, pulmonary rehabilitation, opiates
Lung transplant

88
Q

Pulmonary Hypertension

Definition (2)

A

Normal pulmonary arterial pressure 12-16mmHg

Hypertension >25mmHg

89
Q

Pulmonary Hypertension

Pathology (3)

A

Walls of pulmonary arteries become thickened and stiff, and can’t expand as well
Can lead to right heart failure
Commonly due to heart/lung condition

90
Q

Pulmonary Hypertension

Signs + symptoms (4)

A

Dyspnoea
Chest pain
Palpitations
Oedema/ascites

91
Q

Pulmonary Hypertension

Investigations (6)

A

Echo
Right heart catheterisation
Bloods: BNP
CXR: enlarged right ventricle/pulmonary arteries, emphysema, fibrosis
V/Q scan: check for blood clots as this may be the cause or can be a complication

92
Q

Pulmonary Hypertension

Treatment (5)

A 
Treat underlying condition 
Anticoagulation: warfarin 
Oxygen 
Diuretics: to treat oedema due to heart failure 
Digoxin: slows down heart rate
93
Q

Cor Pulmonale

Definition (1)

A

Right heart failure caused by chronic pulmonary arterial hypertension

94
Q

Cor Pulmonale

Aetiology (3)

A

Lung disease: COPD, bronchiectasis, pulmonary fibrosis, severe asthma
Pulmonary vascular disease: pulmonary emboli, pulmonary hypertension, acute respiratory distress syndrome
Thoracic cage abnormality: scoliosis, kyphosis

95
Q

Cor Pulmonale

Signs + symptoms (8)

A 
Dyspnoea 
Fatigue 
Syncope 
Cyanosis 
Tachycardia 
Elevated JVP 
RV heave 
Pansystolic murmur (tricuspid regurgitation)
96
Q

Cor Pulmonale

Investigations (4)

A

FBC: high Hb and haematocrit (secondary polycythaemia)
ABG: hypoxia
CXR: enlarged right atrium and ventricle, prominent pulmonary arteries
ECG: P pulmonale, right axis deviation

97
Q

Cor Pulmonale

Treatment (4)

A

Treat underlying cause
Treat respiratory failure: oxygen
Treat cardiac failure
Consider heart-lung transplant in young patients as prognosis is poor

98
Q

Sleep Apnoea

Definition (1)

A

Intermittent closure/collapse of the pharyngeal airway, causing apnoeic episodes during sleep

99
Q

Sleep Apnoea

Signs + symptoms (5)

A 
Loud snoring 
Daytime somnolence 
Poor sleep quality 
Morning headache 
Reduced cognitive performance
100
Q 
Sleep Apnoea
Risk factors (3)
A

Obesity
Alcohol
Enlarged tonsils

101
Q

Sleep Apnoea

Complications (2)

A

Pulmonary hypertension

Type II respiratory failure

102
Q

Sleep Apnoea

Investigations (3)

A

Overnight pulse oximetry
Polysomnography (O2sats, air flow, ECG, EMG chest + abdo movement)
Epworth sleep survey

103
Q

Sleep Apnoea

Treatment (4)

A

Weight reduction
Avoid tobacco and alcohol
CPAP for moderate-severe disease
Surgery to relieve pharyngeal obstruction (eg. tonsillectomy)

104
Q

Sleep Apnoea

Severity based on Epworth Sleep Survey (3)

A

0-10 normal
11-15 excessive daytime sleepiness
16-24 severe daytime sleepiness

Med Student Finals (23 decks)

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