Respiratory Flashcards by Gwen Gross

What part of the respiratory system consists of bronchioles, which are lined by Club cells and a few ciliated cells.

Transitional system

*Healthy bronchioles do not have goblet cells

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The transitional system is susceptible to injury by oxidant gases, ozone, toxins, and infections. What viruses cause pathology in the bronchioles?

Bovine Parainfluenza Virus 3

Bovine Resporatory Syncytial Virus

Adenovirus

Canine Distemper Virus

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In what species are terminal portions of the bronchioles lined by segments of alveolar capillaries?

Carnivores, monkeys, horses, humans

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The lungs have a dual blood supply, through the _______ arteries, which conduct oxygenated blood from the right heart, and the ______ arteries, which carry oxyenated blood.

Pulmonary; Bronchial

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T/F: Phonation, olfaction, temperature regulation, acid-base balance, and blood pressure can be affected by respiratory disease.

TRUE

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Damage to the olfactory epithelium can cause replacement of tissue by goblet cells or fibrosis, can lead to hyposmia/anosmia, and repair is (faster/slower) than repair of the respiratory epithelium.

Slower

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Respiratory tract disease can be caused by disbiosis and over-representation of what type of bacteria?

Proteobacteria

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What are some resident microbial flora of the respiratory system that are pathogenic under the right cicrumstances?

Mannheimia hemolytica (cattle)

Pasteurella multocida (cats, cattle, pigs, rabbits)

Bordetella bronchiseptica (dogs and pigs)

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What are the primary and secondary routes of pathogen entry into the respiratory system?

Aerogenous (inhalation)

Hematogenous

*Also can be by direct extension (hardware dz)

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Key factors of the ______ system defense are lysozymes, antibodies, and mucocilliary clearance.

Conducting

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Key factors of the _______ system defense are Club cells, antioxidants, antibodies and lysozyme.

Transitional

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Key factors of the _______ system defense are macrophages, opsonizing antibodies, antioxidants, and surfactant.

Exchange

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Alveolar macrophages phagocytize inhaled pathogens. What macrophages filter pathogens in ruminants, cats, horses and pigs? In dogs, humans, and rodents?

Intravascular (PIMs): ruminants, cats, pigs, horses

Kupffer cells and splenic macrophages: dogs, humans, rodents

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During necropsy of a pig, you open the thoracic cavity and find the lungs as pictured, though you note that they are a bit smaller than normal size. Is this pathologic?

No. Normal lungs will become smaller post mortem. If the lungs stay the same size or become larger, it is pathologic (or due to euthanasia)

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What are the spaces labeled D, E, V, and LT useful for?

Catching pathogens as they enter the nasal cavity.

*These are the nasal conchae and lymphoid tissue

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A old horse dies after a history of blood coming from the nose. PM examination of the head shows a pedunculated tumor-like lesion in the nasal cavity. What was the cause for epistaxis in this patient?

Progressive Ethmoidal Hematoma

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PM exam on a calf shows fibrinous rhinitis with the formation of a diptheritic membrane. What disease was this calf likely suffering from?

Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (Rednose)

*herpes virus

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You find pneumonia in a calf with Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis. Synergism with what bacterium can cause this?

Mannheimia hemolytica

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PM exam on a sheep that died with a history of unilateral mucoid nasal discharge and catarrhal sinusitis reveals larvae in the frontal sinus, as pictured. What organism is responsible for myiasis in this patient?

Oestrus ovis

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Larval enzymes produced by Oestrus ovis can destroy bone and cause what pathology, seen in this sheep?

Bacterial meningitis.

*Take bacteria from the frontal sinus when they aberrantly migrate into the brain.

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You arrive at a farm to find some of the pigs with deformities as pictured. Bone destroying toxins from what 2 bacteria cause this disease in pigs?

Bordetella bronchiseptica (dermonecrotic tox)

Pasteurella multocida (types A and D)

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PM exam on a young pig with a deformed nasal cavity confirms your diagnosis of Atropic Rhinitis. In which part of the nasal cavity have you likely found necrosis and osteoclastic resorption?

Ventral scroll of the ventral nasal turbinate

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Histopathology on the nasal cavity of a 3 week old pig shows syncitial cells and large, basophilic, intranuclear inclusion bodies in the submucosal glands. What virus causes this pathology?

Porcine Cytomegalovirus (suid herpesvirus 2)

*Inclusion Body Rhinitis

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What virus causes Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis?

Feline herpesvirus 1

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PM on a cat with a history of mild oculonasal discharge reveals ulcers on the tongue and diffuse, interstitial pneumonia. What is the causative virus?

Feline calicivirus (FCV)

A German Shorthair Pointer presents with a mass in one nostril. The dog is used for duck hunting and is frequently in lakes and ponds. Histopathology reveals sporangia with endospores, and you determine that the mass is benign. What is the mass and what caused it?

Granulomatous rhinitis caused by Rhinosporidium seeberi (aquatic protozoan) \*Commonly seen in hunting dogs in areas near lakes, but can also be seen in humans, horses, mules, cattle, and cats.

You arrive on a farm to examine a few young horses and foals with swollen necks, as pictured. The area feels warm to the touch. The horses also have mucopurulent rhinitis. What is the pathogen and what structures are usually affected?

Strep equi equi (Strangles) Mandibular and retropharyngeal LN, and gutteral pouch are affected.

A farmer calls you out to examine a foal with mucopurulent rhinitis and facial paralysis. He also states that the foal is "roaring". The area of the gutteral pouch is enlarged and warm, indicating inflammation. What is causing the roaring and facial paralysis in this patient?

Compression of the recurrent laryngeal nerve and sympathetic nerves to the head, due to enlargement of the retropharyngeal lymph nodes. (Strangles)

PM on a horse that died after infection with Strep equi equi reveals inspissated exudate in the gutteral pouch. What are these "stones" called?

Chondroids

You are called to check on a horse with a severe bloody nose. By the time you arrive at the barn, the horse has died from exsanguination. What is the mechanism for epistaxis in this patient?

Erosion of the wall of the internal carotid artery due to infection with Aspergillus fumigatus. Gutteral Pouch Mycosis can also cause clinical signs associated with involvement of cranial nerves VII, IX, X, XI, XII. Many horses exsanguinate on the first episode. ER supportive care and blood transfusions are required.

Necropsy on a horse who died after severe epistaxis shows multifocal, ulcerative and necrotizing eustachitis. What stains can you use to confirm Gutteral Pouch mycosis with histopathology?

Periodic Acid Shiff (PAS) Gomori's methanamine silver (GMS)

A horse owner calls you out to examine a foal who has a swelling over the chin/neck area, but doesn't seem to be in any pain. The area doesn't feel warm, and seems to be filled with air. What are the causes for this disorder in foals?

Inflammation or malformation of the eustachian tube, causing a one-way valve effect. Air goes in, but doesn't come out. \*Gutteral pouch tympany

A white cat presents to your clinic with severe necrosis of the tip of his nose. What is this malignant neoplasm?

Squamous Cell Carcinoma \*Most common in medium to large breed dogs

PM exam on a dog that died after a history of labored breathing and hypoxia reveals a large mass impeding 80% of the airway. What is the best diagnostic strategy for nasal carcinoma in the live animal?

CT scan

Necropsy on an adult dog with a large nasal deformity reveals a hard, white tumor over the snout. What kind of tumor is this?

Fibrosarcoma

Multiple sheep on a farm are lethargic and have labored breathing. Necropsy on one of the sheep reveals a tumor in the nasal cavity. What is your first differential for nasal tumors in sheep?

Enzootic Nasal Tumor Virus (beta-retrovirus) \*Causes Enzootic Nasal Carcinoma, a transmissable, virus induced cancer.

On necropsy of a calf, you find plaques of ulceration covered by fibronectoric exudate. You suspect secondary infection with Fusobacterium necrophorum, following infection with herpes virus (IBR). What is the disease name?

Calp Diptheria (Necrotic Laryngitis)

Laryngeal hemiplegia, causing "roaring" in horses, is a result of muscle atrophy, and is generally an idiopathic neuropathy of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve. What muscles are affected?

Left dorsal and lateral cricoarytenoid muscles (abductor and adductor)

Necropsy on a toy poodle with a history of exercise intolernce and coughing reveals dorso-ventral flattening of the tracheal rings. What was causing clinical signs in this patient?

Tracheal collapse

Larynx and trachea of a cow infected with IBR (herpes virus). What is the MDx?

Ulcerative and necrotizing laryngo-tracheitis \*Causes systemic disease in neonates

The primary role of Bordetella bronchiseptica in dogs with Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease (CIRD) is made possible by primary infection with which viruses?

Canine adenovirus 2 Canine Parainfluenza virus 2 \*Canine distemper virus and Mycoplasma spp may also have a role

What composes the blood-air barrier?

Vascular endothelium BM of the endothelial cell BM of the type 1 pneumocyte Cytoplasm of the type 1 pneumocyte

PM exam on a bovine fetus reveals a red, meaty lung that doesn't float. What is the pathology?

Atelectasis \*incomplete expansion of the lung

Necropsy on a 1 day old calf shows patchy pulmonary atelectasis. What is the most likely cause?

Aspiration of meconium and amniotic fluid

Neutrophil and macrophage activation as a result of chronic bronchtis causes loss of alveolar septa and reduction in gas exchange. What is the disease name?

Pulmonary emphysema

What are the causes for pumonary emphysema in animals?

Obstruction of outflow of air Agonal at slaughter

Pulmonary emphysema in most domestic species is alveolar. What type of emphysems is seen in cattle?

Interstitial

PM lung of a cow who was grazing on lush green pasture. What is causing edema and bullous emphysema in this animal?

Toxic pneumonia caused by conversion of 3-methylindole (from tryptophan) to a toxic substance by the Club cells. \*extensive necrosis of bronchiolar epithelial cells and type 1 pneumocytes. "Fog Fever"

Lung of a cow. What is the MDx?

Interstitial emphysema

Pulmonary congestion is most frequently caused by:

Heart failure

You are called to perform a necropsy on a race horse that died on the track. No gross lesions or signs are noted externally. When you open the thoracic cavity, you find massive hemorrhage in the dorso-caudal portions of the caudal lung lobes. What are the probable mechanisms of hemorrhage?

Extremely high pulmonary vascular and alveolar pressures during exercise Alveolar hypoxia Pre-existing pulmonary injury. \*Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH): common in race horses, with more frequency as they age.

Necropsy on a cow shows epistaxis and pulmonary hemorrhage. These are common signs with what condition?

Vena cava thrombosis

A dog presents with pulmonary thrombosis and thromboembolism. What is on your differential?

Parasites: Dirofilaria immitis Endocrinopathies: Cushings and Hypothyroidism Glomerulopathies Hypercoagulability

Necropsy on a pig with lymphangitis reveals white, frothy fluid in the lungs. What is the mechanism of pulmonary edema in this pig?

Decreased lymph drainage \*Pink/red froth would have indicated inflammation

What are the main pathologic mechanisms of pulmonary edema?

Increased hydrostatic pressure Increased vascular permeability Lymphatic drainage obstruction

This condition is associated with chronic pulmonary congestion and edema

bronchiectasis: dilation of the airways

Histopathology from an edematous lung shows siderophages when stained with Iron (Perl's) stain. What was the cause for edema in this patient?

Heart failure \*Siderophages are macrophages filled with hemosiderin, also known as "heart failure cells"

You arrive at a barn to check on a horse who has a history of labored breathing. The animal's head and neck are extended, the nostrils are flared, and you see that the external abdominal oblique muscles are hypertrophic. Is this an acute or chronic disease in this patient?

Chronic. Development of a "heave line" indicates that increased expiratory efforts have been going on for a long time.

Histopathology on a horse with labored breathing and extended head and neck shows goblet cells, and associated mucous, in the bronchioles. What disease does this horse have?

Recurrent Airway Obstruction \*Metaplasia of the cells of the bronchioles, causing airway obstruction. Normal bronchioles should have Club cells and a few ciliated cells, NOT goblet cells. This condition is usually worse in the winter when barn ventilation is inadequate.

Hyperactive airway disease in cats that is a type 1 hypersensitivity, involving IgE and mast cells, to inhaled allergens:

Feline asthma or Feline allergic bronchitis

What is causing the black specks on this cow's lung?

Inhaled carbon particles. Common in humans and animals living in polluted areas. "Anthracosis"

A calf with necrotizing bronchiolitis and interstitial pneumonia has eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies in the alveolar macrophages. You also note syncytial cells. What viruses are on the differential?

Bovine Respiratory Syncytial virus Bovine Parainfluenza virus

Histopathology on a cow shows syncytial cells and damage to the airway epithelium. What associated gross pathology is seen in the lungs?

Interstitial pneumonia \*likely caused by BRSV

Necropsy on a calf shows supperative bronchopneumonia, with distribution as pictured. What was a likely primary disease that led to bronchpneumonia in this calf?

Bovine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (BLAD) \*Prevents migration of neutrophils from the capillaries

Abscessation and bronchiectasis are common sequelae of what type of pneumonia?

Chronic supperative

A steer dies 7 days after arriving on the feedlot. Upon opening the thoracic cavity you find fibrinous bronchopneumonia and pleuritis as pictured. What pathogen are you expecting to find on a culture?

Mannheimia hemolytica \*Shipping Fever

Necropsy on a steer that died on the feedlot shows fibrinous pneumonia, and when cut, the pulmonary parenchyma appears marbled. Histopathology confirms liquefactive necrosis of the lungs. What is the pathogen and mechanism for necrosis?

Mannheimia hemolytica Production of a leukotoxin that binds and kills the macrophages and neutrophils.

PM examination of a cow reveals fibrinous pneumonia, located on teh cranio-ventrl aspect of the lungs. Upon examination of the brain, you find thrombotic meningoencephalitis. What is the causative agent?

Histophilus somni \*pneumonia is indistinguishable from Mannheimiosis, but the presents of TME in this animal indicates Histophilosis.

You are called to examine a few feedlot cattle who have become ill. Some of them are lame, some are suffering from keratoconjunctivitis, and one of the younger ones has died. The farmer also states that one of his barn cows had an abortion the other day. PM exam of the calf shows necrotizing bronchopneumonia with liquefactive necrosis on histopathology. What is the causative agent?

Mycoplasma bovis \*Really prominent lymphoid response in the lung

Some cows have been diagnosed with tuberculosis. What type of pneumonia are you expecting to see in these animals?

Multifocal granulomatous \*Retropharyngeal, thoracic, and mesenteric LN are also commonly involved in Mycobacterium bovis infection.

Necropsy on a cow reveals interstitial pneumonia and chronic bronchitis, with the presence of these parasites in the bronchi. At what life stage were these worms?

Adult worms in the bronchi were causing bronchitis \*Interstitial pneumonia was caused by larval migration

A pig at the abattoir is found to have parasites in the terminal bronchus of the right caudal lung lobe. Along with the worms is a mucoid exudate. What is the causative agent?

Metastrongylus spp MDx: catarrhal bronchitis

Necropsy of a pig reveals interstitial pneumonia and focal, subpleural hemmorhages. On histopathology you find worms and blood in the bronchi. What is the parasite?

Ascaris suum

During the winter, a few adult dairy cows become sick. Necropsy is performed on one of them and you find gray, subpleural foci of granulomatous inflammation. You examine the hay they're being fed and find mold. What is the type of atypical pneumonia and pathogenesis?

Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis Type 3 hyperseisitivity to fungal spores in the moldy hay leads to deposition of Ag-Ab complexes in the lung.

A farmer calls you to examine his flock of sheep that are increasingly dyspneic and have been losing weight, despite having good appetites. You perform a necropsy on one of the recently deceased and find lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia. Examination of the brain reveals non-supperative encephalitis. What virus is causing disease in this flock?

Small Ruminant Lentivirus (SRLV) \*Maedi: dyspnea and emaciation Visna: non-supperative encephalitis

Supperative bronchpneumonia in sheep less than one year old is multifactorial and rarely fatal. What are the common etiologic agents?

Mannheimia hemolytica Pasteurella multocida PI-3 and RSV Adenovirus Mycoplasma

On PM exam of a sheep you find necrotizing pharyngitis and tonsilitis, and septicemia indicated by intravascular thrombosis. You suspect septicemic pasteurellosis. What would be the causative agent if the lamb was under 3m old? 5-12 months?

\< 3 months: Mannheimia hemolytica (biotype A) 5-12 months: Bibersteinia trehalosi (biotype T)

Multifocal, subpleural pneumonitis in the dorso-causal aspect of the lungs in sheep is indicative of what infection?

Muellerius capillaris

On necropsy of a sheep that was recently imported from the Middle East, a veterinarian finds fluid filled cysts in the lungs. This sheep was the intermediate host for what cestode?

Echinococcus granulosus

Equine viral pneumonias are usually transient, but can lead to more serious secondary infections by what bacteria?

Pasteurella multocida Streptococcus spp E. coli Klebsiella pneumoniae Rhodococcus equi

Intersitial pneumonia of an 8 month old foal points to Equine Viral Rhinopneumonitis. What virus causes this in horses?

Equine Herpesvirus 1 and 4

Necropsy on a 4 month old Arabian foal confirms Pneumocystis carinii infection, with eosinophilic, proteinaceous material within the alveoli. What primary disorder predisposed this foal to secondary fungal infection?

SCID

A 5 month old foal has been couging and ill for weeks, and has lost a significant amount of weight. Antibiotic treatment has been unsuccessful so far. Due to monetary constraints, the owner elects euthanasia. On necropsy, you find pygranulomatous pneumonia, affecting the cranioventral aspect of the lungs, and supperative lymphadenitis. Why was this infection not cleared by the immune system?

This is Rhodococcus equi, which lives within the macrophages, avoiding phagocytosis by preventing phagosome-lysosome fusion.

Multifocal, necrotizing, and hemorrhagic pneumonia in a horse. What type of pneumonia is this?

Mycotic - aspergillus

Necropsy of a young piglet reveals supperative to catarrhal bronchopneumonia with BALT hyperplasia characteristic for Porcine Enzootic Pneumonia. What is the pathogen involved?

Mycoplasma hypopneumoniae \*most economically significant respiratory disease in pigs

The fibrinous pleuritis and pneumonia seen in the lung of this 3 month old pig is caused by what pathogen?

Haemophilus parasuis | (Glasser's Disease)

What disease causes polyserositis in young pigs?

Glasser's disease (Haemophilus parasuis)

You perform a necropsy on a 5 month old pig to find hemorrhage, necrosis, and thrombosis of the middle and caudal lung lobes. With the exception of location, lesions are similar to those of Mannheimiosis in cattle, including marbling of the lung parenchyma. What is the causative agent?

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

What are the most common infectious pneumonias in dogs?

Canine infectious respiratory disease (kennel cough) Canine Distemper Virus

Histopathology of the lung of a dog with interstitial bronchopneumonia shows numerous intracytoplasmic viral inclusion bodies. What is the cause of the pneumonia?

Canine distemper virus

Necropsy on a dog with severe pneumonia shows unilateral lesions on the right cranial lobe. What is the cause of pneumonia in this dog?

Aspiration pneumonia

The lungs of a hunting dog that was living in Mississippi have diffuse pyogranulomatous pneumonia. Histopathology shows fungus in the tissue. What is the causative agent?

Blastomyces dermatitidis \*Mycotic pneumonia. Can also happen with infection by Histoplasma.

What parasites in dogs will cause pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary arterial thrombosis, eosinophilic interstitial granulomatous pneumonia, and right sided heart failure?

Dirofilaria immitis Angiostrongylus vasorum \*Heartworm disease

What toxic herbicides often cause fatal interstitial pneumonia and acute diffuse alveolar damage, with high doses causing acute death, and low doses causing progressive pulmonary fibrosis over 5-10 days.

Paraquat and Diquat

Pulmonary edema and calcification of vascular smooth muscle is associated with what type of pneumonia, diagnosed with Von Kossa stain?

Uremic pneumonitis

What is the lungworm of cats?

Aleurostrongylus abstrusus

Pneumonia in a cat involving multifocal to coalescing granulomas on all lobes. Histopath shows vasculitis with macrophage, lymphocyte, and neutrophil infiltration. What caused granulomatous pneumonia in this cat?

FIP (coronavirus)