Respiratory Flashcards
stony dull percussion
pleural effusion
right sided pleuritic chest pain
most likely pneumonia
alveolar bat’s wings, kerley B lines, cardiomegaly, dilated prominent upper lobe vessels, pleural effusion
pulmonary oedema
ground-glass appearance on X-ray
pulmonary fibrosis, respiratory distress of the newborn
ziel-neelsen stain positive for acid fast bacilli
TB
apical disease
secondary TB (most likely)
what is miliary tuberculosis?
when the organism has spread into the bloodstream
positive anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies
goodpasture’s syndrome
chest infection with a bird as a pet
chlamydophila psittaci
dry cough and diarrhoea after a holiday abroad
legionella
test urine for antigens
tall, thin men short of breath with chest pain
pneumothorax
bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy, erythema nodosum, granulomas, fatigue, uveitis, weight loss
sarcoidosis
bronchiole wider than neighbouring arteriole (on CT)/signet ring sign
bronchiectasis
D sign on CXR
empyema
steeple sign on XR
laryngotracheobronchitis/croup
child with barking cough
laryngotracheobronchitis/croup
pneumocystis pneumonia
HIV, treat with co-tramoxazole (+prednisolone if severe)
asthma + nasal polyps + salicylate sensitivity
Samter’s triad
alcoholic (danger of aspiration pneumonia)
klebsiella pneumoniae
red jelly sputum
klebsiella pneumoniae
mucoid sputum (white and frothy)
chlamydia psittaci
rusty sputum
pneumococcal pneumonia
cannonball metastases (+ weight loss and haematuria)
primary renal cell carcinoma
morning headache
hypercapnia (or side effects of organic nitrates)
lung cancer associated with ectopic endocrine syndromes
small cell lung cancer
parathyroid hormone secreting tumour
squamous cell carcinoma
increased serum ACE and Ca2+
sarcoidosis
eggshell calcification and hilar region
silicosis
heart failure cells (hemosiderin-containing macrophages/siderophages) seen in alveolar spaces
chronic pulmonary oedema and associated left-ventricular heart failure, long-standing pulmonary hypertension
ghon focus lesion
TB
assmann focus lesion
apical lesion of secondary TB infection
coin lesion on CXR
primary bronchial or lung carcinoma, metastatic tumour, bronchial hamartoma, carcinoid tumour, granulomatous inflammation, lung abscess
Horner’s syndrome
Can occur when there is a local spread of cancer to the
intrathoracic nodes or a Pancoast’s tumour. Signs include: ptosis (drooping of the
eyelid), enophthalmos (sunken eye), miosis (small pupil), and lack of sweating on the
ipsilateral (same side as invasion) side of the face. This is due to invasion, of the
cervical sympathetic chain
thumbprint sign head x-ray
epiglottitis
inspiratory whoop/barking cough
pertussis
snow storm appearance on CXR
bartiosis, silicosis
non-smoker with lung cancer
adenocarcinoma
central lung cancers
squamous + small cell
high d-dimers
increases suspicion of PE (send for CTPA and V/Q scan)
low d-dimers
exclude pulmonary embolism
large PE treatment
thrombolysis
small PE treatment
LMWH
respiratory alkalosis
panic attack
frank pus on aspiration
empyema
obstructive lung disease with raised eosinophils
asthma
obstructive lung disease with raised neutrophils
COPD
pickwickian disease
obese people whose body fat prevents air getting in (causes sleep apnoea and hypercapnia)
guillian-barre
causes paralysis (preceded by strep infection in the resp or GI tract)
2 types of coal workers pneumoconiosis
simple, progressive massive fibrosis
the problems are usually found at the apex
bar wind, upper lobe venous diversion, fluid in horizontal fissure, kerley B lines
pulmonary oedema
in asbestosis where are the problems found
base of the lung
if PE is not life-threatening what is the treatment
warfarin and heparin
type 1 diabetic, not taking insulin, is vomiting with dehydration and deep labored breathing
metabolic acidosis (diabetic ketoacidosis)
cANCA positive
granulomatosis with polyangiitis (wegner’s granulomatosis)
most common lung cancer is smokers
squamous cell
smoker with cavitating hilar tumours
squamous cell
which lung cancer secretes parathyroid hormone and causes hypercalcemia
squamous cell
lung cancer that is poorly differentiated and released sex hormone which can cause gyneocomastia
large cell
chemosensitive lung cancer
small cell
cancer that secretes ADH and ACTH
small cell
rifampicin side effects
red-orange discoloration of urine and tears, rashes and heptotoxicity
isoniazid side effects
peripheral neuropathy
pyrazinamide side effects
join pain, rash, GI disturbances, itch, hepatotoxicity
dry cough in young people
mycoplasma
coxiella burnetii
sheep, farms, Q-fever
red currant jelly sputum, COPD, alcoholic, elderly people
klebsiella
staph aureus, pseudomonas aerungiosa
CF patients with pneumonia
COPD, alcoholic, elderly
haemophilius influenzae
