Respiratory

Question 1

What is the treatment for COPD

Answer 1

SABA e.g. salbutamol
SAMA e.g. ipratropium 
LABA e.g. salmeterol
LAMA e.g. tiotropoium
ICS - if exacerbation of COPD e.g. beclamethasone

Question 2

What drug is used to treat EGFR lung cancers?

Answer 2

Cetuximab

Question 3

What drug is used to treat lung cancers with the EML4-ALK fusion gene?

Answer 3

Crizotinib

Question 4

Which drug is used for PDL-1 positive lung cancers?

Answer 4

Nivolumab

Question 5

What does Nivolumab do?

Answer 5

Nivolumab blocks PDL-1. PDL-1 binds to PD-1 and stops T cell killing of ancer cells. By blocking PDL-1 with Novlumab, T cells can kill cancer cells

Question 6

What are dermatophytes

Answer 6

Infections of the skin (not live tissues so live under nails or on outer skin)

Question 7

What do dermatophytes used as virulence factors?

Answer 7

keratinases, elastase and proteinases

Question 8

How are dermatophytes treated?

Answer 8

Topical therapy or oral therapy if topical therapy doesn’t work

Question 9

Name three active ingredients in anti-fungals?

Answer 9

terbanafine
ketoconazole
itraconazole
miconazole

Question 10

Give three examples of fungal infections

Answer 10

Fungal meningitis: Cryptococcus neoformans
Aspergillosis of the lungs: Aspergillus fumigatus
Pneumocystis pneumonia: Pneumocystis jiroveci

Question 11

What two drugs are given for cryptococcus neoformans?

Answer 11

Amphotericin B

and Fluconazole

Question 12

What drug would you give for Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis? (ABPA)

Answer 12

Prednisolone

Question 13

What drugs are given for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA)?

Answer 13

Voriconazole and amphotericin B

Question 14

What drug is given to treat pneumocystis jirovecii?

Answer 14

Co-tramoxazole

trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole combination

Question 15

How do azoles work?

Answer 15

Azoles inhibit 14-methylsterol-alpha-demethylase which is an enzyme involved in ergosterol biosynthesis. Ergosterol is a component of the fungal plasma membrane

Question 16

How does amphotericin B work?

Answer 16

It binds to ergosterol itself and essentially punctures fungal cells by turning the hydrophillic side of the membrane outwards, forming a channel to let water and ions in,

Question 17

How is amphotericin B administered?

Answer 17

IV as it cannot be given orally. It is given in a liposome

Question 18

Why is amphotericin B given in a lipsome?

Answer 18

As it will kill the cells it is injected into and react with cholesterol. The liposome allows amphotericin B to diffuse to where the infection is in the body