Respiratory

Question 1

Define Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)

Answer 1

Recurrent episode of partial/complete airway obstruction and abnormal breathing during sleep

Question 2

Nocturnal symptoms of OSA

Answer 2

• Snoring
• Choking and gasping during sleep
• Bad dreams
• Witnessed apnoea
• Nocturia
• Frequent arousals
• Night time sweating

Question 3

Daytime symptoms of OSA

Answer 3

• Hypersomnolence
• Daytime tiredness
• Poor concentration/memory
• Early morning headache/dizziness
• Mood disturbances (anxiety or depression)

Question 4

Consequences of OSA

Answer 4

1. Cerebrovascular events
2. Cardiovascular events (Hypertension, cardiac arrhythmia, ischaemic heart disease pulmonary hypertension, congestive heart failure, arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death)
3. Metabolic consequence (Diabetes mellitus)
4. Psychological health (Depression)
5. Increased risk of accidents (Microsleep)

Question 5

Risk factors of OSA

Answer 5

1. Age (>40 years old)
2. Male gender
3. Menopause
4. Obesity
5. High Mallampati score
6. Smoking and alcohol consumption
7. Craniofacial abnormalities:

• Micrognathia
• Retrognathia
• Overjet and overbite of teeth
• Macroglossia
• Large uvula, tonsils and adenoid tissue
• Thick (increase neck circumference) and short neck

Question 6

OSA scoring criteria

Answer 6