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Patho Exam 3 > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

Disease states that alter the elastic properites of lung tissue, resulting in changes to it

A

Compliance

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2
Q

Normal, quiet breathing

A

Eupnea

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3
Q
  • Decreased oxygen in the blood
  • Results from inadequate gas exchange
  • PaO2 < 85%, give oxygen
A

Hypoxemia

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4
Q

_____ : inflammation, mucus secretion, obstruction of airway

_____: abnormal enlargement of gas exchange airways accompanied by destruction of alveolar walls

_____: hypersensitivity, mucus production, bronchoconstriction, obstruction of air flow

A

Chronic Bronchitis

Emphysema

Asthma

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5
Q

_____ is characterized by lungs that are difficult to inflate

  • Will see incrased or normal ratio of FEV/FVC
  • Decreased compliance is best indicator
  • Residual volume and total lung capacity are generally decreased
A

Restrictive Lung Disease

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6
Q

Blood pooling into the pleural cavity

Seen in chest injury, surgery, malignancies, vessel rupture

A

Hemothorax

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7
Q

The site of gas exchange

A

Alveoli

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8
Q

Causes of ARDS

A
  • often unknown but associated increased risks include
    • pneumonia
    • near drowning
    • toxins
    • IDC
    • infection
    • trauma
    • septic shock
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9
Q

_____ is an increase in blood pressure in the blood vessels of the lung that can lead to shortness of breath, dizziness, fainitng and edema

  • secondary to increased volume pressure of blood or narrowing/obstruction of vessels
  • can lead to pulm edema/ pleural effusion
  • may result in cor pulmonale
A

Pulmonary Hypertension

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10
Q

The process of moving air into the lungs, available for gas exchange

A

Ventilation

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11
Q

Lymph fluid coming into pleural cavity

Occurs in trauma, infection, malignant infiltration

A

Chylothorax

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12
Q
  • Increased CO2 in the blood
  • Results from inadequate alveolar ventilation
  • Hypoventilation is the most common cause
A

Hypercapnia

(Normal is 38-42 mmHg)

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13
Q

Leads to a decreased surface area for gas exchange (decreased A)

A

Emphysema

Atelectasis

Pneumothorax

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14
Q

_____ is characterized by an increased airway resistance

The small the radius of airway, the larger the resistance

_____ (ratio) is decreased in this disorder

A

Obstructive Lung Disorders

FEV1/FVC

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15
Q

Air enters but does not leave pleural space

trachea deviation can be seen on injured side

A

Tension pneumothorax

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16
Q

Air-filled blebs/blisters on lung surface form and rupture, allowing air to enter the pleural space

Can occur in smokers

A

Spontaneous pneumothorax

17
Q

Primary or secondary emphysema?

  • Caused by inability of body to inhibit proteolytic enzymes in lung (from exposure to toxins or cigarette smoke)
  • Results from inherited deficiency of a1-antitrypsin that inhibits the action of proteolytic enzymes
A
  1. Secondary
  2. Primary
18
Q

Lung tissue remains uninflated at birth

  • Often due to insufficient surfactant
  • often seen in premature births
  • Treated w/ exogenous surfactant to help open airways and allow for good gas exchange
A

Primary Atelectasis

19
Q

Movement of respiratory gases occurs by _____

A

Diffusion

20
Q

Blood supply to the alveoli

A

Perfusion

21
Q

Exudate that comes from inflammatory processes or immune responses

Occurs from infections, malignancies, RA, lupus

A

Empyema

22
Q
  • Some alveoli have no ventilation due to an obstructed airway, therefore no gas excahnge occurs in that alveoli
  • Pulmonary venous blood has gas partial pressures due to mixed venous return blood
  • leads to hypoxema
  • Ex. airway obstruction, bronchoconstriction, pulmonary edema
A

“Shunt”

23
Q
  • Transudate (fluid from different cells)
  • Occurs in people with
    • CHF, renal failure, nephrosis, liver failure
  • possibly caused by loss of albumin that changes osmotic pressure and leads to a collection of fluids
A

Hydrothorax

24
Q

Obstructive airway disorders include _____, _____, _____

A

Chronic bronchitis

Asthma

Emphysema

25
Q

Restrictive Lung Disorders include _____, _____, and _____

*generally there is a problem with the lung tissue itself rather than the airways

A

Pulmonary Fibrosis

Pulmonary Edema

Pneumonia

26
Q
  • Characterized by
    • acute lung inflammation
    • diffuse alveolocapillary injury (increased permeability)
      • causes severe pulmonary edema
  • Injury initiates a massive inflammatory response, futher damaging lung tissue
  • Decreased lung compliance increases work of breathing
  • Leaded to decreased surfactant, increased surface tension, and atelectasis
A

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

27
Q

Leads to an increased thickness of the partition between air and blood (increased X)

A

Pulmonary fibrosis

28
Q

Air enters pleural space as a result of chest wall injury (trauma) or punctures (stab, gunshot wounds)

A

Secondary pneumothorax

29
Q

Ventilation but no matching blood supply (perfusion) to participate in gas exchange

Occurs because of occlusion of blood supply to that alveoli

Ex. PE, emphysema

A

“Dead Space”

30
Q
  • Right ventricular enlargement (right sided HF)
  • Secondary to pulmonary hypertension caused by disorders of lungs or chest wall
A

Cor Pulmonale

31
Q

_____ may be restrictive as well as obstructive

_____ causes incrased fluid secretions

_____ and _____ form a COPD

A
  • Emphysema
  • Chronic bronchitis
  • chronic bronchitis and emphysema
32
Q

Decreased concentrations of oxygen in inspired air compromising the concentration gradient (decreased DC)/ difference in partial pressure

A

Altitude

CO2 poisoning

Anesthesia

33
Q

What is…

  • Tachypnea
  • Dyspnea
  • Apnea
  • Cheyne-Stokes
  • Kussmaal respirations
A
  • Tachypnea- increased respiratory rate
  • Dyspnea- sensation of breathlessness/difficulty breathing
  • Apnea- cessation of respiration
  • Cheyne-Stokes - a waxing and waning tidal volume with periodic apnea
  • Kussmaal respiration- rapid and deep ventilation (metabolic acidosis, seen in DKA)
34
Q

Adult lungs that have previously been inflated -> collapse

  • Airway obstruction (tumors, mucous plug, exudate)
  • Lung compression (pneumothorax or pleural effusion)
  • Increased lung recoil (decreased surfactant)
A

Secondary Atelectasis

Ineffective cough reflex results in poor alveolar expansion and obstruction. Increased viscosity of sputum leads to obstruction

35
Q

_____ reduces surface tension and needs to constantly be replenished by normal ventilation

Surface tension tends to collapse alveoli, the ideal is to avoid having the wet sides of alveoli stick together and to keep the lungs and alveoli open

A

Surfactant

Patho Exam 3 (3 decks)

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