Renal

Question 1

• Drug that works by inhibiting transporters in the loop of Henle
  
  • this destroys the salt gradient, preventing water reabsorption

Answer 1

Loop diuretics (Lasix or Furosemide)

Question 2

A general condition of elevated serum levels of nitrogen-containing substances in the blood including urea, creatinine, and uric acid

Answer 2

Azotemia

Doesn’t affect other boyd systems

not all causes are renal in nature

Question 3

Drug that offects vasoconstrition in HTN by inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotnesin II

Answer 3

ACE inhibitors

Question 4

Results from overfilling the bladder with escape of urine

Answer 4

Overflow incontinence

Question 5

The involuntary loss of urine with activies like coughing that increase intra-abdominal pressure

Answer 5

Stress incontinence

Question 6

Struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) stones are associated with _____

Answer 6

Urea-splitting urinary tract infections

Question 7

drug that blocks the NaCL symporter to block Na reabsorption, leaving water to remain in the lumen for excretion

Answer 7

Thiazide

Question 8

• Assessment of renal function
• assesses how much blood is filtered in unit time
• dependent on cardiac output and renal blood flow

Answer 8

GFR (Glomerular filtration rate)

Question 9

• Renal ischemia that is caused by
  
  • acute tubular necrosis (ATN)
  • glomerulonephritis
  • pyelonephritis
  • rhabdomyolysis

Answer 9

Intra-renal Disease

Question 10

• Renal ischemia that is caused by
  
  • heart failure
  • shock
  • any other condition that decreased renal perfusion

Answer 10

Pre-renal disease

Question 11

• Byproduct of muscle metabolism
• reflects GFR and functional capacity of kidneys

Answer 11

Creatinine

Question 12

Urgency and frequency associated with hyperactivity of the detrusor muscle

Answer 12

Urge incontinence

Question 13

Central Diabetes Insipidus is associated with

_____

_____

Answer 13

• ​A problem with the posterior pituitary
  
  • decreased ADH production
• ​Caused by damage to the hypothalamus or pituitary
  
  • ​hypothalamus produces ADH which is then released by the poteriour pituitary

Question 14

• Released from cells of the cardiac atria in response to increased streatch and work to conter fluid conserving effects to reduce blood volume and relieve blood pressure
• works generally opposite of aldosterone

Answer 14

ANP (Atrial natriuretic peptide)

Question 15

• Associated with problem of the ADH receptors in the nephrons
• usually has normal ADH production

Answer 15

Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus

Question 16

Polycystic kidney disease is a cystic genetic disorder of the kidneys

Adult form is _____ inheritance

Child form is _____ inheritance and _____ mortality

Answer 16

Adult form is dominant inheritance

Child form is recessive inheritance

Question 17

_____ are the most common cause of upper urinary tract obstructions

Answer 17

Renal Calculi

Question 18

Cysteine stones are associated with _____

Answer 18

Rare cysteine metabolism disorder

Question 19

Calcium(oxalate or phosphate) stones are associated with ____

Answer 19

Excess calcium and parathyroid dysfunction

Question 20

Uric acid (urate) stones are associated with _____

Answer 20

Gout

Question 21

• Renal ischemia caused by
  
  • obstruction of urine outflow from the kidneys
    
    • ureter (calculi and strictures)
    • bladder (tumors or neurogenic bladder)
    • urethra (prostatic hyperplasia)

Answer 21

Post-renal disease

Question 22

• Released from the posterior pituitary
• acts on the renal tubules to allow for water reabsorption that depends upon the formation of a sat garadient by the loop of henle

Answer 22

ADH

Question 23

• Characterized by
  
  • hematuria, azotemia (presence of nitrogen substance in the blood), proteinuria, edema, and hypertension
• May occur as a primary disorder such as acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
  
  • or secondary to lupus

Answer 23

Nephritic Syndrome

Question 24

The renin-angiotensin system results in release of two important factors

Answer 24

Angiotensin II- potent vasoconstrictor

Aldosterone from the adrenal cortex- facilitates in sodium reabsorption

Question 25

• Characterized by massive loss of proteinuria and lipiduria
• leads to hypoalbunemia and edema
  
  • shift in colloid osmotic pressure
  • fluid accumulation may be in tissues​​
• pleural effusions and pulmonary edema
• can cause hyperlipidemia due to the liver synthesizing lipids as it tries to compensate for albumin loss

Answer 25

Nephrotic syndrome

Question 26

• Byproduct of protein metabolism
• measures amount of urea in blood

Answer 26

BUN (Blood urea nitrogen)

Question 27

Refers to the clinical syndrome of renal failure with azotemia

Includes azotemia as well as acidosis, hyperkalemia, hypertension, anemia, and hypocalcemia

_____ may be indicated as treatment

Answer 27

Uremia

Dialysis may be indicated for treatment

Widespread dysfunction in other body systems including altered CNS function, neuropathy, ulceration of GI tract, N/V/HTN, skin discoloration, electrolyte imbalances, poor blood clotting, immunosuppression, pericarditis

Question 28

• Drug that inhibits aldosterone
• blocks Na reabsorption
• increases K retention

Answer 28

Potassium sparing diuretics (spironolactone)

Question 29

Causes of Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus

Answer 29

• Drugs such as lithium
• hypercalcemia
• Polycystic kidney disease

All 3 alter the ability of ADH to work

Question 30

Secondary effects of polycystic kidney disease include cysts to _____

Answer 30

• Liver and pancreas
• Rarely the heart and brain

Question 31

Central Diabetes Insipidus may be controlled by ____

Answer 31

Giving a modified form of vasopressin such as desmopression or DDAVP