Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NSB231 > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 anatomical structures make up the Upper Respiratory Tract (URT)?

A
  1. Nose & nasal cavity
  2. Pharynx
  3. Larynx
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What 3 (4) anatomical structures make up the Lower Respiratory Tract (LRT)?

A
  1. Trachea
  2. Bronchi
  3. Bronchioles
  4. Alveoli
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What 4 anatomical structures make up the Pharynx?

A
  1. Epiglottis
  2. Nasopharynx
  3. Oropharynx
  4. Laryngopharynx
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the function of the Elastic Fibres? [As a structural component of the airway]

A

Allows expansion and return to resting state.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the function of the smooth muscle? [As a structural component of the airway]

A

Contracts causing bronchoconstriction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the function of Mucus? [As a structural component of the airway]

A

Mucus traps foreign particles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the function of the Cilia? [As a structural component of the airway]

A

Cilia move the mucus towards the pharynx.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What 2 major respiratory muscles are in the thoracic cavity?

A
  1. Diaphragm

2. Intercostal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are 2 describing features of Alveoli?

A
  1. Site of gas exchange

2. Surrounded by pulmonary capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What 2 things may reduce gas exchange?

A
  1. If respiratory membrane is thickened with fluid e.g. pulmonary oedema.
  2. If respiratory membrane surface area is reduced e.g. emphysema.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What 3 things does ventilation depend on?

A
  1. Respiratory muscles
  2. Elastic recoil of lungs [normal expiration is passive]
  3. Airway resistance [bronchoconstriction]
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are 5 respiratory defenses and what is their goal?

A
  1. Tonsils
  2. Normal respiratory flora
  3. Cough
  4. Mucocilliary escalator
  5. Alveolar macrophages

Goal: Keep bronchi and alveoli sterile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Explain Ventilation

A

Air moving in and out of the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Explain Perfusion

A

Blood in pulmonary capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What can lack of homeostasis with reduced ventilation cause/lead to?

A
  1. Obstruction of airways in COPD
  2. Hypoxaemia
  3. Hypercapnia
  4. Pulmonary Embolism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does low PaO2 cause in reduced ventilation?

A

Constriction of pulmonary arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does high PaO2 cause in reduced ventilation?

A

Dilation of bronchioles.

18
Q

What does low PaO2 cause in reduced perfusion?

A

Constriction of bronchioles

19
Q

What does high PaO2 cause in reduced perfusion

A

Dilation of pulmonary arterioles

20
Q

What occurs to the sympathetic nervous system during respiratory innervation?

A
  1. Releases adrenaline and noradrenaline
  2. Binds to Beta 2 adrenergic receptors on bronchi / bronchioles
  3. Causes bronchodilation
  4. Increases ventilation
21
Q

What occurs to the parasympathetic nervous system during respiratory innervation?

A
  1. Releases acetylcholine
  2. Binds to cholinergic receptors on bronchi / bronchioles
  3. Causes bronchoconstriction
  4. Decreases ventilation
22
Q

Where are the central and peripheral chemoreceptors for respiratory control?

A
  1. Central chemoreceptors in the medulla

2. Peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid arteries and aortic arch

23
Q

What is the respiratory function process during an increase in carbon dioxide levels in the blood?

A
  1. Rising levels of CO2, decrease in pH
  2. Detected by chemoreceptors
  3. Respiratory control centre integrates information
  4. Action potentials to respiratory muscles (mainly diaphragm)
  5. Increased ventilation
  6. Homeostasis of blood CO2 and pH restored.
24
Q

What occurs to the pH and breathing during hypoventilation?

A
  1. CO2 decreases in blood, causing hypocapnia

2. pH increases causing respiratory alkalosis

25
Q

Explain acid-base imbalance for respiratory acidosis

A
  1. PaCO2 >45mmHg
  2. pH <7.35
  3. Occurs with hypercapnia or low pH
  4. Due to hypoventilation (impairment of lung function)
26
Q

Explain acid-base imbalance for respiratory alkalosis

A
  1. PaCO2 <35mmhg
  2. pH >7.45
  3. Occurs with hypocapnia or high pH
  4. Due to hyperventilation
27
Q

What is the equation for pulmonary function tests?

A

(FEV1/FVC)x100=80%

FEV1 = forced expiratory volume
FVC = forced vital capacity
Health lungs can exhale 80% (or more) of FVC in 1 second

28
Q

What are 3 main respiratory obstructive diseases?

A
  1. Asthma
  2. Chronic Bronchitis
  3. Emphysema

*2 + 3 are both part of COPD

29
Q

Explain Obstructive Disease Pathophysiology

A

Reduced ventilation due to airway obstruction. Contribution to hypoxaemia and hypercapnia. Decreased FEV1 (forced expiratory volume). Dyspnoea, wheezing, increased work of breathing.

30
Q

What are some causes of Asthma?

A
  1. Allergens/irritants e.g. pollens, pollution, cigarette smoke.
  2. Recurrent respiratory infections
  3. Exercise
  4. Cold
  5. Stress
  6. Drugs e.g. aspirin
31
Q

Explain the pathophysiology of Asthma

A

Increased airway resistance due to: bronchoconstriction, increased thick mucus secretion, inflammation of bronchial walls (causes oedema).
Reduced expiratory flow rates due to air being trapped in lungs (increased residual volume).

32
Q

What 3 things in the airway are remodeled in chronic asthma?

A

Persistent asthma attacks lead to airway remodeling (anatomical changes of bronchial walls).

  1. Excess smooth muscle growth
  2. Epithelial injury [loss of bronchial lining]
  3. Mucus gland hypertrophy
33
Q

What are 7 clinical features of Asthma?

A
  1. Cough
  2. Wheezing
  3. Dyspnoea / tachypnoea
  4. Nasal flaring and use of accessory muscles
  5. Hyper-inflated chest
  6. Tachycardia
34
Q

How is asthma managed and prevented?

A

Management =
bronchodilators, oxygen and adrenaline
Prevention = avoid allergens, anti-inflammatory (corticosteroids)

35
Q

What are the 2 diseases included in COPD?

A
  1. Emphysema
  2. Chronic bronchitis

Most individuals have a combination of both.

36
Q

How is COPD characterized?

A

Progressive, irreversible damage and mainly affects older adults

37
Q

Explain emphysema pathophysiology.

A
  1. Emphysema is characterized by = damaged alveolar walls and the break down of elastic fibres (elastin).
  2. Leads to = permanent enlargement of air spaces in lungs, loss of elastic tension/recoil of alveoli, airways collapse during expiration.
  3. Causes of air trapping & lung hyperinflation = lungs can expand, but deflate poorly, increased residual volume

*Irreversible, progressive damage

38
Q

What are 5 clinical features of emphysema?

A
  1. Dyspnoea
  2. Barrel chest (air is trapped in alveoli)
  3. Fatigue (forced expiration, use of accessory muscles)
  4. “Pink Puffers” (not cyanotic - oxygenation adequate)
  5. Use of accessory muscles to breathe.
39
Q

Explain chronic bronchitis pathophysiology.

A

Chronic bronchitis involves chronic inflammation of the bronchi, producing excess mucus. Chronic productive for at least 3 months or 2yrs consecutively. Excess mucus accumulates and blocks airways. Impairment of cilliary function.

40
Q

What are 3 clinical features of chronic bronchitis?

A
  1. Chronic cough (due to sputum production)
  2. Cyanosis (blue skin)
  3. Fluid retention
41
Q

What is the management for COPD?

A
  1. Stop smoking
  2. Avoid respiratory tract infections
  3. Manage malnutrition 4. Regular physical activity
  4. Breathing re-training
  5. Bronchodilators
  6. Inhaled corticosteroids
  7. Oxygen therapy

NSB231 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions