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NSB231 > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

What is the systemic circuit?

A

Blood supply to and from all body tissues.

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2
Q

What is the pulmonary circuit?

A

Blood supply to and from the lungs for oxygenation.

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3
Q

Explain coronary arteries.

A

Branch off the aorta.
Lead into capillaries, supply cardiac tissue.
Left + Right main coronary artery.

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4
Q

Explain coronary veins.

A

Drain into coronary sinus (posterior surface of heart) - empties into right atrium.

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5
Q

Explain the sequence of excitation of the cardiac conduction system.

A
  1. Sinoatrial node: pacemaker, 100/min impulses.
  2. Atrioventricular node
  3. Atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)
  4. Right and left bundle branches
  5. Purkinje fibres
  6. Parasympathetic Nervous System slows HR
  7. Sympathetic Nervous System increases HR
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6
Q

What is the electrical event for P wave?

A

Atrial depolarization

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7
Q

What is the mechanical event for a P wave?

A

End of diastasis and starting of atrial systole

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8
Q

What is the electrical event for QRS complex?

A

Result of ventricular depolarization and indicates the start of ventricular contraction.

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9
Q

What is the mechanical event for QRS complex?

A

End of atrial systole and isovolumetric contraction

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10
Q

What is the electrical event for T wave?

A

Results from ventricular repolarization and signals the beginning of ventricular relaxation

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11
Q

What is the mechanical event for T wave?

A

End of ventricular ejection phase and isovolumetric relaxation

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12
Q

What are the 2 sympathetic neurotransmitters?

A
  1. Adrenaline
  2. Noradrenaline

Released from adrenal medulla as hormones.

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13
Q

Where is the Alpha 1 receptor located?

A

Arteries supplying skin and visceral organs.

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14
Q

What effect does Alpha 1 receptor have on adrenaline/noradrenaline binding?

A

Vasocontriction

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15
Q

Where is the Beta 1 receptor located?

A

Heart (muscle)

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16
Q

What effect does Beta 1 receptor have on adrenaline / noradrenaline binding?

A

Increases HR; increases force of contraction

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17
Q

Where are the 2 Beta 2 receptors located?

A
  1. Coronary arteries

2. Respiratory bronchioles

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18
Q

What effect do both the Beta 2 receptors have on adrenaline / noradrenaline binding?

A
  1. Vasodilation

2. Bronchodilation

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19
Q

Where in the systemic circulation does systole occur?

A

Aorta/arteries

20
Q

Where in the systemic circulation does diastole occur?

A

Arterioles

21
Q

What is peripheral resistance?

A

Opposition to blood flow due to friction

22
Q

What does peripheral resistance depend on?

A
  1. Diameter of blood vessel (vasoconstriction increases resistance and BP)
  2. Blood viscosity (thicker blood increases BP)
23
Q

What is arterial BP determined by?

A
  1. Cardiac output

2. Peripheral resistance, by altering blood vessel diameter.

24
Q

What are 3 things that explain vasoconstriction?

A
  1. Decrease in vessel diameter
  2. Increases resistance
  3. Increases BP
25
Q

What are 3 things that explain vasodilation?

A
  1. Increases in vessel diameter
  2. Decreases resistance
  3. Decreases BP
26
Q

What is the equation for blood pressure?

A

BP = CO x PR

Blood Pressure = Cardiac Output x Peripheral Resistance

27
Q

Explain the chemoreceptor reflex

A

In aortic arch and carotid sinus. Detects low pH and O2, stimulates cardioexcitatory centre to increase HR and vasoconstriction

28
Q

Explain the baroreceptor reflex

A

In carotid arteries and aortic arch. Detects changes in stretch e.g. when stretched less due to decrease in BP, stimulates cardioacceleratory centre to increase HR and vasoconstriction.

29
Q

Go through RAAS

A
  1. Decreased BP detected by kidney’s
  2. Kidney releases renin: converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1
  3. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE): converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2 (mainly in lungs)
  4. Angiotensin 2: causes aldosterone secretion from adrenal gland resulting in = reabsorption of sodium and water by kidney, increased BP + BV
30
Q

What are the 3 main dietary fats?

A
  1. Triglycerides (mono/poly/trans-unsaturated fats)
  2. Phospholipids (plant + animal)
  3. Cholesterol (animal fats + eggs)
31
Q

What organ produces and removes cholesterol from the body?

A

Liver

32
Q

What medications are used for lowering cholesterol?

A

Lipid lowering drugs - statins

33
Q

Cholesterol is necessary for the production of what 4 hormones?

A
  1. Cortisol
  2. Aldosterone
  3. Testosterone
  4. Oestrogen
34
Q

How are lipoproteins transported?

A

Through the blood plasma

35
Q

What is dyslipidaemia?

A

Abnormal levels of lipids in the blood. Major risk factor for atherosclerosis. + triglycerids & LDL, - HDL

36
Q

What are 8 risk factors for dyslipidaemia?

A
  1. High intake of saturated and trans fatty acids
  2. High total energy and cholesterol intake
  3. Low intake of mono & poly - unsaturated fatty acids
  4. Low intake of dietary fibre including wholegrain cereals.
  5. Sedentary lifestyle
  6. Smoking
  7. Stress
  8. Genetic
37
Q

What is the target levels for lipids in the blood?

A

LDL <2.0
HDL >1.0
Triglycerides <2.0
Total Cholesterol <4.0

38
Q

What prevention and management strategies are utilized to decrease cholesterol in the blood?

A
  1. Dietary (+ Fibre, - simple carbs modify fat intake)
  2. Exercise
  3. Lipid lowering drugs
39
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Fatty deposits and hardening of the artery wall

40
Q

What 4 things progressively accumulate in atherosclerosis?

A
  1. Lipids
  2. Inflammatory cells
  3. Smooth muscle cells
  4. Connective tissue
41
Q

What are 12 risk factors for atherosclerosis?

A

MODIFIABLE:

  1. Dyslipidaemia
  2. Hypertension
  3. Obesity / sedentary
  4. DM / insulin resistance
  5. Smoking
  6. Inflammation
  7. Stress

NON-MODIFIABLE

  1. Increasing age
  2. Male gender; female menopause
  3. Family Hx of heart disease
  4. Familial hyperlipidaemia
  5. Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander
42
Q

What is the progression of atherosclerosis?

A
  1. Endothelial cell injury and inflammation
  2. Fatty Streak
  3. Hard / fibrous plaque
  4. Soft / complicated plaque
43
Q

What 3 things happen when cell injury and inflammation occur? (Atherosclerosis)

A
  1. Allows LDL to enter the subendothelium
  2. Macrophages enter the subendothelium, enhancing the inflammatory response
  3. Unable to mediate vasodilation.
44
Q

What are some consequences of atherosclerosis?

A

Heart = chest pain, heart attack, death
Brain = stroke, death
Arms & Legs = peripheral artery disease, gangrene and amputation
Kidneys = renal failure
Genitals = erectile dysfunction, vaginal dryness

45
Q

How is an embolus formed?

A

Part of the thrombus may break off the plaque, becoming an embolus. Embolus travels downstream and lodges in a smaller diameter vessels, blocking perfusion to the organ.

46
Q

What prevention and management strategies are there for embolus formation?

A
  1. Addressing risk factors, including dietary

2. Medications (antiplatelets, anticoagulants, lipid lowering, ACE inhibitors and angiotensin 2 blockers)

NSB231 (7 decks)

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