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APEX > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

Alveolar gas equation

A

PAO2 = FiO2 x (Pb - PH20) - (PaCO2/RQ)

Pb = barometric pressure (760mmHg unless given other)
PH20 = humidity inspired gas (47mmHg)
RQ = 0.8
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2
Q

3 → of anatomic shunt

A 
Thebesian veins (drain left heart)
Bronchiolar veins (drains bronchial circulation)
Pleural veins (drains bronchial circulation)

R—>L shunt d/t intracardiac lesion

AV malformations that develop from liver disease

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3
Q

V02 (oxygen consumption)

A

V02 = CO x (Ca02 - Cv02)

V02 is the difference between the amount of 02 that leaves the lungs and the amount of 02 that returns to the R heart. Based on Fick principle

  • for 70kg adult, 250mL/min
  • 3.5mL/kg/min

We can say whole body V02 is about 25%

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4
Q

Treatment for methemoglobinemia

A

IV methylene blue 1-2mg/kg

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5
Q

Only muscle that tenses (elongates) vocal cords

A

Cricothyroid

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6
Q

What does the internal branch of the SLN innervate?

A

Posterior epiglottis, laryngeal mucosa to the level of the cords

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7
Q

SLN block

A

3mL bilaterally at the inferior aspect of the greater cornu of hyoid bone

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8
Q

Is right or left RLN more prone to injury? Why? Structures?

A

L RLN loops under aorta, so more susceptible (MS, PDA ligation, aortic arch aneurysm, thoracic tumor)

R RLN loops under right subclavian artery (thyroid/parathyroid surgery, LMA or ETT, neck tumor, neck extension)

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9
Q

Location of adult and pediatric larynx

A

adult: C3-C6

Peds: C2-C4

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10
Q

2 → of angioedema, and their treatments?

A

1) ACEIs: epi, antihistamines, steroids (just like anaphylaxis)
2) Hereditary angioedema, or C1 esterase deficiency: (C1 esterase concentrate or FFP)

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11
Q

Congenital syndromes associated with large tongue

A
  • beckwith syndrome

- trisomy 21/downs

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12
Q

Congenital syndromes associated with small/underdeveloped mandible

A
  • Pierre robin
  • Goldenhar
  • Treacher Collins
  • Cri du Chat

(“Please get that chin”)

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13
Q

Congenital syndromes associated w cervical spine abnormality

A
  • Klippel-Feil
  • Trisomy 21
  • Goldenhar
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14
Q

Choanal atresia

A

Blockage of nasal airway by tissue

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15
Q

Micrognathia or mandibular hypoplasia

A

Small, underdeveloped mandible

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16
Q

3 Key processes of aerobic metabolism

A
  1. ) Glycolysis: 1 glucose → 2 pyruvic acid (2 ATP)
  2. ) Kreb’s Cycle: happens in mitochondria. Makes H+ ions (in form of NADH) to use for electron transport (2 ATP)
  3. ) Electron transport/oxidative phosphorylation: Yields 34 ATP, C02, and H20.
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17
Q

Criteria for pulmonary artery hypertension

A
  • Mean PAP at least 25mmHg

- PAOP no more than 15mmHg

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18
Q

Where does the tip of an LMA sit?

A

Cricopharyngeus muscle (UES)

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19
Q

Solubility coefficients of 02 and C02

A

02: 0.003mL/dL/mmHg

C02: 0.067mL/dL/mmHg

So…. C02 is 20X more soluble than 02.

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20
Q

Sp02% and corresponding Pa02 values

A

Sp02 90% = Pa02 60mmHg
Sp02 80% = Pa02 50mmHg
Sp02 70% = Pa02 40mmHg

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21
Q

Bohr effect

A

C02 and H+ ions → conformational change in Hgb molecule; which facilitates release of 02. (→ R shift on dissociation curve)

Basically, it means that C02 and H+ (acidity) → Hgb to release more 02. Makes sense if you think about it.

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22
Q

Difference between static and dynamic compliance

A

STATIC: plateau pressure, function of lung/chest wall compliance only.

DYNAMIC: peak pressure, function of airway resistance + lung/chest wall compliance and their interaction. Dynamic compliance is what changes with resistance changes.

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23
Q

02 content

A

Ca02 = (1.34 x Hgb x Sa02) + (Pa02 x 0.003)

Normal is 20mL 02/dL blood

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24
Q

Laryngospasm reflex arc

A

AFFERENT: SLN, internal branch

EFFERENT: SLN, external branch, + RLN

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25
Q

Estimation of shunt %

A

Shunt ↑ 1% for every 20mmHg ↑ in A-a gradient.

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26
Q

Things that increase PVR

A 
Hypoxia, 
low Fi02, 
Hypercarbia, Acidosis 
PEEP, 
High airway pressure
Polycythemia
Hypothermia 
SNS stim/Vasoconstrictors 
Surgical stress

N20, ketamine, desflurane

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27
Q

General rule about changes in PA02/Pa02 gradient versus changes in PAC02/PaC02 gradient

A

This is a generalization BUT….

  • ↑ Vd affects PaC02 (can’t get blown off)
  • ↑ shunt affects Pa02 (02 can’t get dropped off)
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28
Q

Short term benefits of smoking cessation

A

SNS stim ↓ after 20-30 min

P50 returns to normal in about 12 hours (Ca02 improves)

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29
Q

Intermediate term benefits smoking cessation

A

About 6 weeks

  • Mucociliary clearance improves
  • Sputum production ↓
  • Pulmonary immune function improves
  • Airway function improves
  • Hepatic enzyme induction begins to subside
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30
Q

LMA sizes

A 
1 = <5kg | 4mL air
1.5= 5-10kg  | 7mL air
2= 10-20kg   | 10mL air
2.5= 20-30kg   | 14mL air
3=30-50kg  | 20mL
4=50-70kg  | 30mL
5=70-100kg | 40mL
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31
Q

When bronchial blockers are useful

A

Patients who need OLV who….

  • <12 year old
  • trached
  • Have a single lumen ETT already
  • Need to stay tubed after surgery and you’re too lazy to use a cook catheter to change it out at the end of the case

Small lumen permits air suctioning, but thicker stuff can clog it

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32
Q

Common CXR findings of COPD

A

↑ AP diameter
Flattened diaphragm
↑ WOB (airway destruction)
Pulmonary bullae

Don’t use n20.

33
Q

How does PaC02 affect MV

A

Every 1mmHg increase in PaC02 above baseline will ↑ MV by 3L/min

Tightly controlled by central chemoreceptor in the medulla

34
Q

→ of L shift of oxyHgb curve

A

↑ affinity for 02 (doesn’t offload into tissues as well)

[hypothermia, alkalosis]

-↓ temp
-↓ 2,3DPG
-↓ C02
-↓ H+
HgbMet, HgbCO, HgbF

35
Q

→ of R shift of 02hgb curve

A

R → release → offloads into tissues more easily

[hyperthermia, acidosis, think sepsis]

  • ↑ temp
  • ↑ 2,3DPG
  • ↑ C02, H+, ↓ pH
36
Q

Some things that you would think would mess with Sp02 but don’t

A

Fluorescin, HgbF, HgbS, jaundice, polycythemia, acrylic nails

37
Q

Most common method of measuring exhaled gases in OR

A

Infrared absorption spectrophotometry

38
Q

BP cuff sizing

A

Ideal bladder length is 80% of extremity circumference, ideal width is 40% circumference

Cuff that is too small overestimates SBP
Cuff that is too large underestimates SBP

39
Q

How does arterial pH change with PaC02 change

A

Acute resp acidosis.
→ pH ↓ 0.08 q 10mmHg ↑ C02

Chronic resp acidosis:
→ pH ↓ 0.03 q 10mmHg ↑ C02

40
Q

Pressure needed to ventilate through cric, with jet ventilation

A

50ish psi

  • jet ventilator attached to machine
  • 02 tank with pressure regulator set to 50psi
  • 02 flush valve on machine

Low pressure sources won’t work

41
Q

Which drugs INHIBIT HPV

A 
Volatile anesthetics at 1.5MAC
Vasodilators (NTG, SNP, PDE inhibitors, some CCBs)
Vasoconstrictors
Hypervolemia
Hemodilution 
PEEP
Large TV
Alkalosis (hypocapnia)
Hypothermia
42
Q

MRI safe LMA

A

Classic

43
Q

Conditions that may benefit from permissive hypercapnia

A

ARDS -

  • trades off strict c02 control for better control of minimizing mean airway pressures
44
Q

Most important predictor of pulmonary postop complications

A

Site of surgery

45
Q

How to estimate Fi02 when using nasal cannula

A 
1L = 24%
2L = 28%
3L = 32%
4L = 36%
5L = 40%
6L = 44% (this is the maximum)
46
Q

Absorption atelectasis

A

Excessive oxygen administration

Can cause shunt,

47
Q

VC, FRC normal values

A

VC: 60-70mL/kg
FRC: 35mL/kg

48
Q

Things spirometry can’t measure

A

-Residual volume, TLC, FRC

49
Q

Components of FRC

A

RV + ERV

50
Q

Things that INCREASE FRC

A

Old age, prone, sitting, maybe lateral, COPD, PEEP, Sigh breaths/recruitment maneuvers

51
Q

Things that ↑ closing volume

A 
COPD
LV failure
Obesity
Smoking
Extreme age
Pregnancy

CLOSE-P

52
Q

D02

A

D02 = Ca02 x CO x 10

Normal is 1000mL/min

53
Q

Mechanisms of C02 transport out

A

Bicarbonate 70%
→ dependent on carbonic acid RXN
→ HC03 is transported back out of erythrocytes after this RXN happens and Cl- shifts into the cell to maintain electro neutrality - this is the hamburger shift

Bound to Hgb 23%
→ C02 binds with amino groups on Hgb as well as other plasma proteins

Dissolved in plasma 7%
→ solubility coefficient of 0.067mL/dL/mmHg

54
Q

Haldane effects

A

Describes C02 carriage/curve
(Don’t confuse with Bohr effect - that describes 02 carriage/curve)

O2 → erythrocytes to release C02
Basically, deoxygenated Hgb is able to carry more C02.

Lower P02 → more C02 carried
Higher P02 → less C02 carried

55
Q

Consequences of hypercapnia

A

Hypoxemia, SNS stim, cardiac/smooth muscle depression, ↑ MV, hyperkalemia, hypercalcemia, ↑ ICP, ↓ LOC

56
Q

Neural respiratory center

A

Located in RAS in medulla and pons.

  • Dorsal resp: → inspiration, in medulla. Pacemaker for inspiration.
  • Ventral resp: → expiration, in medulla. Primarily active during expiration.

-Pneumotaxic: → Upper pons. inhibition of DRC. Triggers end of inspiration.
→ strong stimulus = rapid shallow breathing
→ weak stimulus = slow deep breathing

-Apneustic: → Lower pons. stimulation DRC. Antagonizes pneumotaxic.

57
Q

Most important stimulus for central respiratory chemoreceptor

A

↑ in H+ ion concentration in CSF

58
Q

Hypoxic ventilatory response

A

Via peripheral chemoreceptors located in carotid body, also aortic arch

Pa02 <60mmHg triggers Glomus cells → action potential via HERING’s nerve → Glossopharyngeal → afferent pathway terminates in inspiratory center in medulla
→ ↑ MV to restore Pa02

Peripheral chemoreceptors respond to Pa02
Central chemoreceptors respond to PaC02

59
Q

Conditions that impair the hypoxic ventilatory response

A

CEA severs afferent limb of HVR, why you can’t do BLL CEA simultaneously or very close together. Takes time for body to recalibrate.

Sub-anesthetic doses of inhalation and IV anesthetics (0.1MAC) depress hypoxic ventilatory drive, so postoperative hypoxia isn’t always countered by a reflexive ↑ in MV

60
Q

HPV

A

Local RXN that occurs in response to ↓ ALVEOLAR 02 (not arterial)

Minimizes shunt flow by ↑ PVR in poorly ventilated areas

Inhibited by IAs, vasodilators, PDEIs, dobutamine (therefore these things can worsen shunt)
Vasoconstricting drugs may constrict well oxygenated areas and also contribute to shunt

IV anesthetics PRESERVE HPV

61
Q

Best test of airflow in medium sized airways

A

FEV25-75%

62
Q

Patient specific risks for postop pulmonary complications

A 
Age >60
Asa >III
CHF
COPD
Smoker
63
Q

Surgery specific risk factors for post op pulmonary complications

A

Aorta > thoracic > upper ABD = neuro = PVD > emergency

Duration of anesthesia > 2.5hrs
GA

64
Q

Lab specific factors of post op pulmonary complications

A

Albumin <3.5g/dL (indicates poor nutritional status)

ABGs and PFTs are only useful in patients undergoing lung resection

65
Q

Examples of acute intrinsic restrictive ventilatory defects

A 
Upper a/w obstruction (neg pressure pulmonary edema)
Aspiration
Naloxone
Cocaine OD
Reexpansion of collapsed lung 
Neurogenic
66
Q

Examples of chronic intrinsic restrictive ventilatory defects

A

Sarcoidosis

Drug induced pulmonary fibrosis (amiodarone)

67
Q

Most sensitive indicators of VAE

A 
TEE
Doppler
EtC02
CO, CVP
Stethoscope, BP, EKG
68
Q

TX VAE

A 
100% Fi02
Flood field with NS
If insufflated, desufflate
Durant maneuver: place pt in L lateral position
Aspirate air from CVL if present
Hemodynamic support
69
Q

Key anesthetic consideration for patients with pulmonary HTN

A

They are relatively preload dependent, treat hypotension aggressively

70
Q

Drugs you can give via ETT

A

NAVEL

Narcan, atropine, vasopressin, epi, Lidocaine

71
Q

Normal inspiratory force

A

75-100cm H20

<25 is a strong indication for mechanical ventilation

72
Q

Best predictors of pulmonary complications postop for thoracic surg patients

A

FEV1< 40% predicted
DLCO <40% predicted
V02 max <15ml/kg (normal is 27-40)

Split lung VQ testing is indicated when preop assessment indicates ↑ risk of postop complication (anything less than the above values).

→ If V02max max isn’t available, ask patient if they can climb 2 flights of stairs. If not, patient is at risk.

73
Q

Absolute indications for OLV

A

Infection, massive hemorrhage (isolation to avoid contamination)

Bronchopleural fistula, surgical opening major airway, large unilateral lung cyst or bullae, life threatening hypoxemia r/t lung disease

UNILATERAL BRONCHOPULMONARY LAVAGE for pulmonary alveolar proteinosis

74
Q

DLT size and depths

A

Men: 39-41 French, 29cm depth
Women: 37-39 French, 27cm depth

Bronchial cuff: 1-2mL air
Tracheal cuff: 5-10mL air

75
Q

How does PEEP help during OLV?

A

Non-dependent lung: ↑ FRC by pushing the lung up on the compliance curve and prevents excess shearing stress of repeated alveolar opening and closing.

Dependent lung: may improve FRC or may worsen shunt by directing more blood flow towards non ventilated lung. Pay close attention

76
Q

Thyromental distance

A

<6cm or >9cm might predict difficult laryngoscopy

77
Q

Complications of cricoid pressure

A

Can ↓ LES

Can make laryngoscopy more difficult

78
Q

SNS signs of hypercarbia

A

DIRECT effects of hypercarbia are myocardial depression and local vasodilation HOWEVER the hypercarbic patient will respond with ↑ SNS activity

  • vasoconstriction
  • ↑ contractility
  • QT prolongation
  • ↑ serum K+

APEX (11 decks)

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