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anatomy of respiratory and cardiovascular > respiratory > Flashcards

respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

Which bones articulate with the manubrium at its superolateral angles?

A

clavicles and 1st rib

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2
Q

What is the name given to abovementioned joints?

A

costaclavicular and costamanubrium

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3
Q

What type of joint is the abovementioned

A

synovial plane

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4
Q

What is the name given to the notch formed by the superior border of the manubrium?

A

suprasternal notch

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5
Q

At what vertebral level is the xiphoid process located?

A

t10

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6
Q

Sternomanubrial joint. At what vertebral level is the sternomanubrial joint found?

A

t4

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7
Q

Head. With the bodies of which thoracic vertebrae will the head of rib 7 articulate?

A

t6 and t7

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8
Q

Tubercle. With which thoracic vertebral structure does this articulate?

A

transverse process

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9
Q

Costal sulcus/groove. Which structures lie in the costal groove?

A

intercostal nerves vessels

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10
Q

Which ribs are true ribs (vertebrosternal)? Ribs

A

1-7

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11
Q

Which ribs are false ribs (vertebrochondral)? Ribs

A

8-10

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12
Q

Which ribs are floating ribs (vertebral)? Ribs

A

10-12

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13
Q
A
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14
Q

Articulate a typical rib with the vertebra and determine what part of the rib articulates with this facet

A

tubercle of ribs

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15
Q

Which two parts of the vertebra form the neural (vertebral) arch, ie. parts of the vertebra that enclose
the spinal cord?

A

The posterior surface of vertebral body encloses the neural arch which is created by fusion of two pedicles and 2 laminae

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16
Q

Which bones form the boundaries of the thoracic inlet?

A

1st thoracic vertebrae, 1st ribs internally, superior border of manubrium

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17
Q

Which bones/costal cartilages form the boundaries of the thoracic outlet?

A

12 thoracic vertebrae posteriorly, 11th and 12th rib laterally, costal cartilage of 7-10 ribs anterioly and xiphersternal angle.

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18
Q

Which ribs/costal cartilages form the costal margin (subcostal angle)?

A

formed by 7-10 ribs

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19
Q

Which costal cartilages (cc.) are:

a) directly attached to the sternum?
b) indirectly attached to the sternum through attachment to preceding costal cartilages?

A

1-7

8-10

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20
Q

which muscle is primarily used for breathing in the newborn?

A

diaghram

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21
Q

Between which two intercostal muscles is the neurovascular bundle located?

A

Between internal and innermost intercostal muscle.

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22
Q

From superior to inferior, which structures comprise the neurovascular bundle?

A

vein-artery-nerve

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23
Q

In which area of the rib is the neurovascular bundle located?

A

inferior area of rib

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24
Q

Where in the intercostal space do you think a chest drain needle should be inserted to avoid damaging the neurovascular structures?

A

upper border of the rib belows

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25
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

Skin applied by one spinal nerve

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26
Q

What is the dermatome overlying the:

  • sternal angle?
  • nipple area?
  • umbilicus?
  • inguinal region (groin)?
A

T2

T4

T10

L1

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27
Q

Which of the left or right dome lies more superior during normal expiration? Why?

A

Right dome- because the liver pushes it up the diaghram

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28
Q

What cardiac structure is firmly attached the central tendon? Fibrous

A

pericardium

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29
Q

to which vertebrae are the left and right crura attached?

A

left l1-l2

right l1-l3

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30
Q

Which membrane covers the superior surface of the diaphragm? Parietal

A

pleura

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31
Q

When the diaphragm contracts, do the domes ascend or descend?

A

Descend

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32
Q

Opening for the inferior cava. Occurs at vertebral level

A

T8

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33
Q

Opening for the oesophagus. Occurs at vertebral level

A

T10

34
Q

Opening for the aorta. Occurs at vertebral level

A

T12

35
Q

Through which part of the diaphragm does the inferior cava pass – the central tendinous part or the muscular part? How does this assist venous return to the heart?

A

Tendinous-because muscle contract and restrict flow while tedons dont, so it doesnt restrict flow

36
Q

What vertebral levels of the spinal cord contribute to the phrenic nerves?

A

C3-4-5

37
Q

What structure prevents solids and liquids entering the laryngeal inlet?

A

Epiglottis

38
Q

The incomplete hyaline cartilage rings. +/- how many rings comprise the trachea?

A

15-20

39
Q

The muscle completing the tracheal rings posteriorly. Name this muscle

A

trachealis

40
Q

The final keel-shaped cartilage ring at the bifurcation of the trachea called the

A

carina

41
Q

The tubular organ lying immediately posterior to the trachea is the

A

oesophagus

42
Q

At what vertebral level does the trachea divide into the two main bronchi?

A

T4

43
Q

Which of the two main bronchi is the shorter, wider and more vertical?

Note: This is the bronchus into which an accidentally aspirated object is more likely to pass.

A

Right

44
Q

Identify two major arteries arching over the left main bronchus

A

Left pulmonary vein and Aorta

45
Q

On which lung surface is the hilum found?

A

medial/saggital

46
Q

What is the hilum of the lung?

A
47
Q

What is the root of the lung?

A
48
Q

Which 4 structures constitute the root of the lung?

A

pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, bronchi

49
Q

What fascial membrane covers the apex of the lung?

A

pleural membrane

50
Q

Do the lungs extend above the 1st rib and clavicle? Why is this of clinical importance?

A

yes, need to be careful not to rupture the lungs

51
Q

Which lung is the shorter and broader of the two? Which abdominal organ gives rise to this asymmetry?

A

right lung, due to liver

52
Q

What structures present within the bronchial wall enable its definitive identification as a bronchus?

A

cartiligeous plates

53
Q

situated above the artery in the hilum of the right lung is the

A

hypercarteriam bronchus

54
Q

The thoracic wall

A
  • The thoracic wall encloses the left and right pleural cavities (containing the lungs). Between these is the mediastinum (the structures “standing in the middle”), including the heart within the pericardial cavity.
  • Each of these cavities is a closed sac.
55
Q

The function of the thoracic wall is

A

To protect the contents of the sacs, yet permit the movements associated with respiration.

56
Q

The thoracic wall comprises

A

The sternum anteriorly, vertebrae T1-T12 posteriorly, and ribs 1-12 laterally.

57
Q

1st rib

A

The first rib is an atypical, true rib: It is short and wide and flat and it articulates with only a single vertebra

58
Q

subclavian artery and veins

A
  • These two vessels are the chief blood supply to and from the upper limb and pass from the neck to the axilla, sandwiched between the clavicle and first rib.
  • The subclavian vein lies superficial (anterior) to the subclavian artery.
59
Q

A typical rib articulates with

A

Two vertebral bodies.

These are:

  1. The vertebral body of the same number as the rib
  2. The vertebral body immediately above
60
Q

Boundaries of the Thoracic Cage

A
  • The thorax is bounded superiorly by the thoracic inlet,
  • Inferiorly by the thoracic outlet,
  • Anteriorly by the sternum and costal cartilages,
  • Posteriorly by vertebrae T1-T12,
  • Laterally by ribs 1-12
  • Inferiorly by the diaphragm.
61
Q

Intercostal space, muscles and nerves

A

The paired intercostal spaces each contain 3 layers of intercostal muscles, an intercostal nerve, and a posterior and anterior intercostal artery and vein.

The number of each space accords with the number of the rib lying superior to it.

Upper limb and back muscles which have attachment to the ribs can act as accessory respiratory muscles in forced inspiration and expiration.

62
Q

Intercostal muscles

A

The intercostal muscles, whilst contributing to respiratory movements of the chest wall, also assist in preventing the lungs and pleura from ballooning out between the ribs during these movements.

Each structure forming the intercostal neurovascular bundle in a particular intercostal space gives off a small collateral branch which is located just above the top of each rib.

63
Q

Dermatomes of the chest wall and Lymphatics

A

On the chest wall dermatomes correspond with the intercostal spaces.

The nerves from the lower 6 intercostal spaces (T7-12) project serially onto the anterior abdominal wall creating the correspondingly named dermatomes there.

64
Q

The Diaphragm and respiratory movements

A

The diaphragm is a sheet of skeletal muscle that forms the boundary between the thoracic and abdominal cavities.

It has 4 attachments, and 3 major and a number of minor hiatuses (openings) which permit structures to pass between thorax and abdomen.

It is the main muscle of respiration, but also assists in raising intra-abdominal pressure during coughing, vomiting and defaecation.

65
Q

The external and internal intercostal muscles

A

Do not occupy the entire length of the intercostal space, rather they become tendinous and develop into a thin aponeurosis (a flat tendon) called an intercostal membrane.

66
Q

External intercostal muscles

A

Filll the intercostal space as far as the costochondral junction anteriorly.

The remaining part of the space up to the sternum is completed by the external intercostal membrane.

67
Q

Internal intercostal muscles

A

Fill the intercostal space from the sternum to the costal angles posteriorly.

The remaining part of the space up to the thoracic vertebrae is completed by the internal intercostal membrane.

68
Q

The innermost intercostal muscles

A

Only fill the central half of the space.

The remainder of the space is completed anteriorly by the transversus thoracis muscles and posteriorly by the subcostalis muscles.

69
Q

Hiatuses

A

The major structures traverse the diaphragm through the major hiatuses (openings), while smaller structures can pass along with the major structures through the major hiatuses or pass through a minor hiatus by themselves.

70
Q

The URT consists of the

A

Nasal cavity, pharynx and larynx, and is located in the head and neck.

71
Q

Larynx:

A

Is a set of cartilages, membranes and ligaments which produce sound from expired air and protects the inlet to the respiratory system.

It is attached to the hyoid bone superiorly and is continuous inferiorly with the trachea at C6.

It is supplied almost entirely by branches of the vagus nerve for both motor and sensory innervation.

It is anteriorly related to the pharynx (=“throat”).

72
Q

Lower Respiratory Tract

A

Consists of the trachea, the main (principal/primary bronchi and their branches), the lungs and pleurae

The LRT is receives motor innervation through sympathetic fibres originating in the upper thoracic spinal levels, via pulmonary plexuses located at the termination of the main bronchi, and parasympathetic fibres from the vagus nerve.

Sensory fibres reaches the spinal cord via both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves.

Arterial supply is via the bronchial arteries arising from the thoracic aorta and intercostal arteries, while the bronchial veins drain to the azygos venous system.

73
Q

Trachea

A

Is the inferior continuation of the larynx at C6 (just inferior to the cricoid cartilage), through the thoracic inlet, to vertebra T4 (sternal angle), where it bifurcates into the left and right main bronchi.

74
Q

left and right main bronchus

A

While the left main bronchus enters the lung before giving off its branches, the right main bronchus gives off a superior branch just before entering the right lung.

This branch is known as the eparterial or superior lobar bronchus (the main bronchus then being called the hyparterial bronchus).

The bronchi ramify in the lungs to become secondary, tertiary, terminal and respiratory bronchioles, and alveoli, gradually losing their cartilage and increasing their elastic fibre content.

75
Q

Hilum

A

This is the area on the medial surface of the lung through which structures enter or leave the lung.

Root: The structures which enter and leave the lung at the hilum are known collectively as the root of the lung. The structures of the root have constant relative positions within the hilum.

76
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

The pulmonary circulation is the portion of the circulatory system which carries deoxygenated blood away from the right ventricle of the heart, to the lungs, and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium and ventricle of the heart.

77
Q

Bronchial circulation

A

Supplies blood to the tissue of the larger airways of the lung.

78
Q

Pulmonary circuit

A

Deoxygenated blood leaves through the right ventricle through the pulmonary artery.

From the right atrium, the blood is pumped through the tricuspid valve (or right atrioventricular valve), into the right ventricle.

Blood is then pumped from the right ventricle through the pulmonary valve and into the main pulmonary artery.

79
Q

Pleura

A

A double layer of serous membranes that surround each lung.

The space between the 2 membranes is known as the pleural space or cavity. This space is the true pleural cavity and should not be confused with the cavity in the chest occupied by the lung and its surrounding pleura – also usually termed the “pleural cavity” by clinicians.

80
Q
A

anatomy of respiratory and cardiovascular (2 decks)

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