cardio Flashcards
1
Q
The thoracic walls enclose what?
A
The 2 pleural cavities and the centrally-situated mediastinum.
2
Q
Describe some of the conents of the mediastinum
A
Contains the contents of the thorax other than the lungs and their covering pleurae.
The heart lying within the pericardium is a major component of the mediastinum.
3
Q
what is the pericardium
A
The membrane enclosing the heart, consisting of an outer fibrous layer and an inner double layer of serous membrane
4
Q
Name the divisions of the mediastinum
A
Subdivided into a superior and inferior mediastinum
The inferior mediastinum is then further subdivided by the pericardium into the anterior, middle and posterior mediastinum.
NB: The sternal angle
5
Q
Which bone forms the anterior border of the superior mediastinum?
A
The thoracic inlet
6
Q
Which vertebrae form the posterior border of the superior mediastinum?
A
T1-T4
7
Q
What plane separates the superior from the inferior mediastinum?
A
Transverse Thoracic plane
8
Q
which part of the mediastinum is the thymus found
A
superior
9
Q
which part of the mediastinum are the heart, pericardium and great vessels found?
A
middle mediastinum
10
Q
which part of the mediastinum is the descending aorta found?
A
Posterior part
11
Q
which part of the mediastinum is the oesophagus found?
A
posterior and superior part
12
Q
which part of the mediastinum is the thoracic duct found
A
superior and posterior part
13
Q
which part of the mediastinum is the azygous vein found
A
posterior and superior
14
Q
which part of the mediastinum is the sympathetic chain found
A
posterior and superior
15
Q
Some facts about the Brachiocephalic artery
A
supplies blood to the right arm and the head and neck.
It is the first branch of the aortic arch.
And soon after it emerges, the brachiocephalic artery divides into the right common carotid artery and the right subclavian artery.
16
Q
Brachiocephalic veins
A
Returns oxygen-depleted blood from the upper limbs, neck, and head to the heart.
It is formed at the level of the clavicle, y the merging of jugular veins (IJV) with the subclavian vein.
These great vessels (left and right brachiocephalic veins) merge to form the superior vena cava.
17
Q
borders of the heart
A
Right and left broder.
Superior and inferior border
18
Q
What is the surface marking of the apex of the heart?
A
5th intercostal space in the midclavicular line.
19
Q
which heart chamber/s form the right bordert of the heart
A
RA
20
Q
which heart chamber/s forms the left border of the heart?
A
LV and some of the LA
21
Q
which heart chamber/s forms the inferior border of the heart?
A
RV and LV
22
Q
which heart chamber/s forms the superior border of the heart
A
LA and RA
23
Q
which heart chamber/s form the anterior/sterncostal surface?
A
RA and RV
24
Q
which heart chamber forms the posterior/Base surface?
A
LA
25
which heart chamber/s form the inferior/diaphragmatic surface?
RV and LV
26
Posterior to which bone is the heart situated?
Sternum
27
Anterior to which four vertebrae is the heart situated?
T5-T8
28
Upon what structure does the inferior surface of the heart lie?
Diaphragm
29
Basic facts about the aorta
Gives major branches to the head and neck and upper limbs before passing **inferiorly** along the **posterior body** wall just in **front** and slightly to the **left** of the bodies of the **thoracic** and **lumbar** vertebrae to supply the **body wall and organs.**
30
Beginning and termination of the aortic arch occurs at
vertebral level T4
31
Bifurcation of the abdominal aorta occurs at what level
At lumbar lever 4
32
Bifurcation of the common iliac arteries occurs at
lumbar level L5
33
Name the branches of the ascending aorta
Left and right coronary arteries
34
Name the branches of the aortic arch
Brachiocepahlic, left common carotid and left subclavian arteries
35
Name the branches of the descending thoracic aorta
* Bronchial arteries
* Oesophageal arteries
* pericardial arteries
* posterior intercostal arteries**( only the ones visible on a normal wet specimen)**
36
The terminal branches of the abdominal aorta:
Arteries arise from the abdominal aorta to supply the diaphragm, adrenals, kidneys, gonads, and the gut tube. They will be dealt with later with their respective systems.
37
Common iliac arteries – arise at what vertebral level and where do the lie?
L5 and lie in iliac fossae( terminal branches of the descending aorta)
38
External iliac arteries – arise at what vertebral level and what do they become?
L5 and become the femoral aa ( terminal branch of common iliac)
39
Internal iliac arteries – arise at what vertebral level and supply what?
L5 and supply pelvic viscera. (Terminal branch of common iliac)
40
Differences between arteries and veins interms of branches and tributaries
Arteries have **_branches,_**
while veins have **_tributaries_**
41
The great arteries leaving the heart are
The aorta and pulmonary trunk.
42
The great veins entering the heart are
The superior and inferior venae cavae.
43
Superior vena cava (SVC) drains blood from where
Head, neck and upper limbs
44
inferior vena cava (IVC) drains blood from where
Abdominal and pelvic cavities and lower limbs.
45
SVC – lies in where
Anterior and to the right of the ascending aorta
46
Tributaries of the SVC are
Left and right Brachiocephalic veins o Azygos vein
47
Tributaries of the IVC are
Left and right common iliac veins
48
what is the azygos venous system
A separate venous system.
Drains blood from the **posterior intercostal veins** to the **SVC.**
These veins are found lying **immediately adjacent** to the thoracic aorta.
49
what is the main vein of the azygous venous system and where does it lie?
**Azygos vein** lying immediately to the **right** of the descending thoracic aorta
50
What does the azygous vein consists of?
Azygos vein on the **right side of the posterior mediastinum**, and the hemiazygos venous system on the **left side.**
The latter veins drain into the azygos v. approximately at levels **T8/T9.**
51
Which posterior chest wall veins drain into the Azygos vein?
Intercostal veins
52
Which posterior chest wall arteries arise from the Descending aorta?
Posterior intercostal arteries
53
Which part of the spinal nerve are the intercostal nerves formed from?
Ventral ramus
54
Which anterior chest wall veins drain into the Internal thoracic vein?
anterior intercostal veins and then drain into the R and L brachiocephalic veins
55
Which anterior chest wall arteries arise from Internal thoracic artery.?
Anterior intercostal arteries
56
Which side of the chest wall drains lymph to thoracic duct
Left
57
Lymphatics from the right side of the chest wall drain to the
right lympahtic duct
58
Which artery gives origin to the internal thoracic artery?
subclavian artery
59
Into which vein does the azygos vein drain?
Superior vena cava
60
Which two veins drain the posterior intercostal veins on left side of the posterior chest wall?
L braciocephalic veins and hemiazygous vein
61
where is the thoracic duct located?
located on the vertebral bodies between the azygos vein and the descending thoracic aorta on the right side of the posterior thoracic wall
62
The thoracic duct commences at what level?
L1 as the cisterna chyli
63
It drains into the medial end of the left
subclavian vein
64
It drains lymph from all parts of the body except the
right upper quadrant
65
The right lymphatic duct drains into the medial end of the
right subclavian vein
66
Main arteries of the upper limb
subclavian
Axillary
Brachial
Radial
Ulnar
67
At which bony point does the subclavian a. become the axillary a.?
Lateral border of **first rib**
68
In which area of the upper limb does the brachial artery branch into radial and ulnar aa?
cubitol fossa
69
Of the radial and ulnar aa., which is the more superficial of the two?
Ulnar
70
Of the radial and ulnar aa., which has the larger diameter of the two?
Radial
71
Name the Upper limb superficial veins
Medial cubital vein
basilic vein
cephalic vein
**NB: The deep veins accompaony and are named according to their corrosponding arteries and will be studies in year 2**
72
Similarities between the he deep veins of the upper and lower limbs in realtion to where they lie alongside each other and their arteries
lie alongside their corresponding arteries of the same name and are known as **venae comitantes (=accompanying veins).**
Venous blood in the superficial veins of both limbs drains to the deep veins, and ultimately into the superior vena cava (upper limbs) or the inferior vena cava (lower limbs).
73
Name the main lower limb arteries
External iliac
Deep femoral
Superficial femoral
Popliteal
anterior and posterior tibial
74
Of what artery is the femoral artery a distal continuation?
external iliac artery
75
In which region of the lower limb does the popliteal artery branch into the anterior and posterior tibial aa.?
knee
76
The dorsalis pedis artery is a continuation of what
The anterior tibial artery on the dorsum of the foot
77
Inferior to which malleolus does the posterior tibial a. enter the sole of the foot?
medial
78
Name the lower limb deep veins
These accompany and are named according to their corresponding arteries. The superficial veins drain into the deep veins.
79
name the lower limb superficial veins
80
Into which major veins do a) the great and b) the small saphenous veins drain?
femoral vein and popliteal vein
81
Peritoneum covers the what?
Abdominal viscera
82
The pericardium, the pleura and the peritoneum are all composed of what?
Similar **outer parietal** and inner **visceral serous layers** composed of **simple epithelium** of similar developmental origin
83
The essential difference of the heart in comparison to the coverings is what?
The heart has, in addition to this, an **outermost dense fibrous** connective tissue layer – the **fibrous pericardium.**
84
Name the two layers of the pericardium?
1. Fibrous pericardium
2. Parietal layer of serrous pericardium
3. Visceral layer of serous pericardium
85
The pericardial cavity lies between which 2 of the layers?
Epicardium(**visceral layer** of serous epicardium) and the **parietal layer** of serous pericardium
86
what is the inner ednocardium composed of?
singe layer of squamous epitheium
87
what is the middle myocardium composed of?
**many** layer of cardiac muscle
88
what is the outer epicardium composed of?
a **single** layer of squamous epithelium
89
Which layer belongs **simultaneously** to the heart wall **and** the serous pericardium?
Epicardium
90
Which layer of the serous pericardium is inseparably attached to the inner aspect of the fibrous pericardium?
Parietal layer
91
What protective role is fulfilled by the fibrous pericardium?
Protection of heat
92
Which innervations reach the visceral pericardium?
Autonomic innervation from **T1-T4** nerves and **vagus** via the cardiac plexus(same as the heart wall itself).
93
The parietal and fibrous layers are innervated mainly by whom?
Phrenic nerve
94
Which layer/s of the pericardium are innervated by pain fibres?
The pericardium and fibrous layers
95
The left and right auricles: What role do these structures have in the adult?
Help the pumping of the oxy/deoxygentaed blood and provides more space
96
Left atrium , anterior to what tubular structure does it lie?
Oesophogus
97
The heart is pyramidal in shape. Which chamber forms a) the apex of the heart, and b) which chamber the base
Left anf right
98
The structures of the right atrium
99
Fossa ovalis is a remnant of the **foramen ovale** in the foetus. What function did the latter perform?
Enabled blood to enter the left atrium from the right atrum
100
Th structures of the right ventricle
101
What is the function of the moderator band?
* It connects the interventricular septum with the anterior wall of the right ventricle
102
Compare the thickness of the right ventricular wall with that of the left: Which is thickest? By how many times? Why?
left, 2 or 3 times, arterial pressure is higher in the systemic than in the pulmonary circulation, and it performs more work then the right ventricle.
103
How many cusps make up the tricuspid valve? How many papillary muscles are found in the right ventricle?
3 and 3
104
Left Atrium
Superior and inferior what?
Which valve guards the entry from the left atrium to the left ventricle?
How many cusps are present in this valve?
A small, smooth-walled chamber situated posterosuperiorly and forming the **base** of the heart. Posterior to it lies the **oesophagus.**
Pulmonary veins
Mitral valve
2
105
Structures of the left ventricle
106
How many papillary muscles are found in the left ventricle?
2
107
What is the function of the papillary muscles?
Contract to prevent inversion or prolapse of the valves on ventricular contraction.
108
What is the function of the chordae tendineae?
Tendons which connect the capillar muscles to the tricuspid valves and biscuspid valves.
109
Which arteries supply the heart wall and their anastomosing braches?
Left and right coronary arteries
110
How is the blood from the coronory arteries drained?
This blood is drained by means of the **cardiac veins** almost entirely to the coronary sinus (a wide venous channel on the posterior surface of the heart) which, in turn, feeds into the **right atrium.**
111
Where do the coronary arteries and cardiac veins lie on the heart and where i relation to each other?
The coronary arteries and cardiac veins **lie together** in both the **atrioventricular (=coronary) sulcus** and the **interventricular sulci (=grooves)** of the heart wall.
112
Name the coronary arteries
113
From which part of the aorta do the coronary arteries arise?
Base of the aorta
114
Which pair of coronary arteries anastomose in the coronary sulcus?
Right coronary artery and circumflex artery
115
Which pair of coronary arteries anastomose in the interventricular sulcus?
Posterior interventicular aretry amd left anterior descending artery
116
Name the cardiac veins?
117
Where do the Lymphatics from the heart drain to?
Tacheobronchial and mediastinal (bronchopulmonary and paratracheal) lymph nodes.
118
Name the lymaphatic drainage of the heart and lungs
119
Autonomic motor fibres travelling in the vagus nerves (parasympathetic) and spinal cord segments T1-4 (sympathetic) are routed to the heart and coronary arteries via what?
The **cardiac plexus** situated at the **bifurcation** of
the trachea.
120
Where do the sensory and pain fibres travel back from the heart to?
Spinal cord levels **T1-4** in the **sympathetic
nerves.**
121
Where do the motor fibres innervate to?
* Innervate and influence nodes **(SA and AV nodes)** of modified cardiac muscle cells that spontaneously generate electrical impulses.
* These modified cells are known as
* *Purkinje** **cells** and their branches as Purkinje fibres.
122
Where does the sinu-atrial (SA) node lie?
* Lies near the **opening** of the **SVC** in the **right atrium** (chamber)
123
Where does the atrioventricular (AV) node lie?
Lies in the inferior part of the interventicular septum
124
