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anatomy of respiratory and cardiovascular > cardio > Flashcards

cardio Flashcards

1
Q

The thoracic walls enclose what?

A

The 2 pleural cavities and the centrally-situated mediastinum.

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2
Q

Describe some of the conents of the mediastinum

A

Contains the contents of the thorax other than the lungs and their covering pleurae.

The heart lying within the pericardium is a major component of the mediastinum.

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3
Q

what is the pericardium

A

The membrane enclosing the heart, consisting of an outer fibrous layer and an inner double layer of serous membrane

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4
Q

Name the divisions of the mediastinum

A

Subdivided into a superior and inferior mediastinum

The inferior mediastinum is then further subdivided by the pericardium into the anterior, middle and posterior mediastinum.

NB: The sternal angle

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5
Q

Which bone forms the anterior border of the superior mediastinum?

A

The thoracic inlet

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6
Q

Which vertebrae form the posterior border of the superior mediastinum?

A

T1-T4

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7
Q

What plane separates the superior from the inferior mediastinum?

A

Transverse Thoracic plane

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8
Q

which part of the mediastinum is the thymus found

A

superior

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9
Q

which part of the mediastinum are the heart, pericardium and great vessels found?

A

middle mediastinum

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10
Q

which part of the mediastinum is the descending aorta found?

A

Posterior part

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11
Q

which part of the mediastinum is the oesophagus found?

A

posterior and superior part

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12
Q

which part of the mediastinum is the thoracic duct found

A

superior and posterior part

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13
Q

which part of the mediastinum is the azygous vein found

A

posterior and superior

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14
Q

which part of the mediastinum is the sympathetic chain found

A

posterior and superior

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15
Q

Some facts about the Brachiocephalic artery

A

supplies blood to the right arm and the head and neck.

It is the first branch of the aortic arch.

And soon after it emerges, the brachiocephalic artery divides into the right common carotid artery and the right subclavian artery.

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16
Q

Brachiocephalic veins

A

Returns oxygen-depleted blood from the upper limbs, neck, and head to the heart.

It is formed at the level of the clavicle, y the merging of jugular veins (IJV) with the subclavian vein.

These great vessels (left and right brachiocephalic veins) merge to form the superior vena cava.

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17
Q

borders of the heart

A

Right and left broder.

Superior and inferior border

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18
Q

What is the surface marking of the apex of the heart?

A

5th intercostal space in the midclavicular line.

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19
Q

which heart chamber/s form the right bordert of the heart

A

RA

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20
Q

which heart chamber/s forms the left border of the heart?

A

LV and some of the LA

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21
Q

which heart chamber/s forms the inferior border of the heart?

A

RV and LV

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22
Q

which heart chamber/s forms the superior border of the heart

A

LA and RA

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23
Q

which heart chamber/s form the anterior/sterncostal surface?

A

RA and RV

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24
Q

which heart chamber forms the posterior/Base surface?

A

LA

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25
Q

which heart chamber/s form the inferior/diaphragmatic surface?

A

RV and LV

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26
Q

Posterior to which bone is the heart situated?

A

Sternum

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27
Q

Anterior to which four vertebrae is the heart situated?

A

T5-T8

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28
Q

Upon what structure does the inferior surface of the heart lie?

A

Diaphragm

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29
Q

Basic facts about the aorta

A

Gives major branches to the head and neck and upper limbs before passing inferiorly along the posterior body wall just in front and slightly to the left of the bodies of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae to supply the body wall and organs.

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30
Q

Beginning and termination of the aortic arch occurs at

A

vertebral level T4

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31
Q

Bifurcation of the abdominal aorta occurs at what level

A

At lumbar lever 4

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32
Q

Bifurcation of the common iliac arteries occurs at

A

lumbar level L5

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33
Q

Name the branches of the ascending aorta

A

Left and right coronary arteries

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34
Q

Name the branches of the aortic arch

A

Brachiocepahlic, left common carotid and left subclavian arteries

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35
Q

Name the branches of the descending thoracic aorta

A
  • Bronchial arteries
  • Oesophageal arteries
  • pericardial arteries
  • posterior intercostal arteries( only the ones visible on a normal wet specimen)
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36
Q

The terminal branches of the abdominal aorta:

A

Arteries arise from the abdominal aorta to supply the diaphragm, adrenals, kidneys, gonads, and the gut tube. They will be dealt with later with their respective systems.

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37
Q

Common iliac arteries – arise at what vertebral level and where do the lie?

A

L5 and lie in iliac fossae( terminal branches of the descending aorta)

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38
Q

External iliac arteries – arise at what vertebral level and what do they become?

A

L5 and become the femoral aa ( terminal branch of common iliac)

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39
Q

Internal iliac arteries – arise at what vertebral level and supply what?

A

L5 and supply pelvic viscera. (Terminal branch of common iliac)

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40
Q

Differences between arteries and veins interms of branches and tributaries

A

Arteries have branches,

while veins have tributaries

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41
Q

The great arteries leaving the heart are

A

The aorta and pulmonary trunk.

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42
Q

The great veins entering the heart are

A

The superior and inferior venae cavae.

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43
Q

Superior vena cava (SVC) drains blood from where

A

Head, neck and upper limbs

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44
Q

inferior vena cava (IVC) drains blood from where

A

Abdominal and pelvic cavities and lower limbs.

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45
Q

SVC – lies in where

A

Anterior and to the right of the ascending aorta

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46
Q

Tributaries of the SVC are

A

Left and right Brachiocephalic veins o Azygos vein

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47
Q

Tributaries of the IVC are

A

Left and right common iliac veins

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48
Q

what is the azygos venous system

A

A separate venous system.

Drains blood from the posterior intercostal veins to the SVC.

These veins are found lying immediately adjacent to the thoracic aorta.

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49
Q

what is the main vein of the azygous venous system and where does it lie?

A

Azygos vein lying immediately to the right of the descending thoracic aorta

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50
Q

What does the azygous vein consists of?

A

Azygos vein on the right side of the posterior mediastinum, and the hemiazygos venous system on the left side.

The latter veins drain into the azygos v. approximately at levels T8/T9.

51
Q

Which posterior chest wall veins drain into the Azygos vein?

A

Intercostal veins

52
Q

Which posterior chest wall arteries arise from the Descending aorta?

A

Posterior intercostal arteries

53
Q

Which part of the spinal nerve are the intercostal nerves formed from?

A

Ventral ramus

54
Q

Which anterior chest wall veins drain into the Internal thoracic vein?

A

anterior intercostal veins and then drain into the R and L brachiocephalic veins

55
Q

Which anterior chest wall arteries arise from Internal thoracic artery.?

A

Anterior intercostal arteries

56
Q

Which side of the chest wall drains lymph to thoracic duct

A

Left

57
Q

Lymphatics from the right side of the chest wall drain to the

A

right lympahtic duct

58
Q

Which artery gives origin to the internal thoracic artery?

A

subclavian artery

59
Q

Into which vein does the azygos vein drain?

A

Superior vena cava

60
Q

Which two veins drain the posterior intercostal veins on left side of the posterior chest wall?

A

L braciocephalic veins and hemiazygous vein

61
Q

where is the thoracic duct located?

A

located on the vertebral bodies between the azygos vein and the descending thoracic aorta on the right side of the posterior thoracic wall

62
Q

The thoracic duct commences at what level?

A

L1 as the cisterna chyli

63
Q

It drains into the medial end of the left

A

subclavian vein

64
Q

It drains lymph from all parts of the body except the

A

right upper quadrant

65
Q

The right lymphatic duct drains into the medial end of the

A

right subclavian vein

66
Q

Main arteries of the upper limb

A

subclavian

Axillary

Brachial

Radial

Ulnar

67
Q

At which bony point does the subclavian a. become the axillary a.?

A

Lateral border of first rib

68
Q

In which area of the upper limb does the brachial artery branch into radial and ulnar aa?

A

cubitol fossa

69
Q

Of the radial and ulnar aa., which is the more superficial of the two?

A

Ulnar

70
Q

Of the radial and ulnar aa., which has the larger diameter of the two?

A

Radial

71
Q

Name the Upper limb superficial veins

A

Medial cubital vein

basilic vein

cephalic vein

NB: The deep veins accompaony and are named according to their corrosponding arteries and will be studies in year 2

72
Q

Similarities between the he deep veins of the upper and lower limbs in realtion to where they lie alongside each other and their arteries

A

lie alongside their corresponding arteries of the same name and are known as venae comitantes (=accompanying veins).

Venous blood in the superficial veins of both limbs drains to the deep veins, and ultimately into the superior vena cava (upper limbs) or the inferior vena cava (lower limbs).

73
Q

Name the main lower limb arteries

A

External iliac

Deep femoral

Superficial femoral

Popliteal

anterior and posterior tibial

74
Q

Of what artery is the femoral artery a distal continuation?

A

external iliac artery

75
Q

In which region of the lower limb does the popliteal artery branch into the anterior and posterior tibial aa.?

A

knee

76
Q

The dorsalis pedis artery is a continuation of what

A

The anterior tibial artery on the dorsum of the foot

77
Q

Inferior to which malleolus does the posterior tibial a. enter the sole of the foot?

A

medial

78
Q

Name the lower limb deep veins

A

These accompany and are named according to their corresponding arteries. The superficial veins drain into the deep veins.

79
Q

name the lower limb superficial veins

A
80
Q

Into which major veins do a) the great and b) the small saphenous veins drain?

A

femoral vein and popliteal vein

81
Q

Peritoneum covers the what?

A

Abdominal viscera

82
Q

The pericardium, the pleura and the peritoneum are all composed of what?

A

Similar outer parietal and inner visceral serous layers composed of simple epithelium of similar developmental origin

83
Q

The essential difference of the heart in comparison to the coverings is what?

A

The heart has, in addition to this, an outermost dense fibrous connective tissue layer – the fibrous pericardium.

84
Q

Name the two layers of the pericardium?

A
  1. Fibrous pericardium
  2. Parietal layer of serrous pericardium
  3. Visceral layer of serous pericardium
85
Q

The pericardial cavity lies between which 2 of the layers?

A

Epicardium(visceral layer of serous epicardium) and the parietal layer of serous pericardium

86
Q

what is the inner ednocardium composed of?

A

singe layer of squamous epitheium

87
Q

what is the middle myocardium composed of?

A

many layer of cardiac muscle

88
Q

what is the outer epicardium composed of?

A

a single layer of squamous epithelium

89
Q

Which layer belongs simultaneously to the heart wall and the serous pericardium?

A

Epicardium

90
Q

Which layer of the serous pericardium is inseparably attached to the inner aspect of the fibrous pericardium?

A

Parietal layer

91
Q

What protective role is fulfilled by the fibrous pericardium?

A

Protection of heat

92
Q

Which innervations reach the visceral pericardium?

A

Autonomic innervation from T1-T4 nerves and vagus via the cardiac plexus(same as the heart wall itself).

93
Q

The parietal and fibrous layers are innervated mainly by whom?

A

Phrenic nerve

94
Q

Which layer/s of the pericardium are innervated by pain fibres?

A

The pericardium and fibrous layers

95
Q

The left and right auricles: What role do these structures have in the adult?

A

Help the pumping of the oxy/deoxygentaed blood and provides more space

96
Q

Left atrium , anterior to what tubular structure does it lie?

A

Oesophogus

97
Q

The heart is pyramidal in shape. Which chamber forms a) the apex of the heart, and b) which chamber the base

A

Left anf right

98
Q

The structures of the right atrium

A
99
Q

Fossa ovalis is a remnant of the foramen ovale in the foetus. What function did the latter perform?

A

Enabled blood to enter the left atrium from the right atrum

100
Q

Th structures of the right ventricle

A
101
Q

What is the function of the moderator band?

A
  • It connects the interventricular septum with the anterior wall of the right ventricle
102
Q

Compare the thickness of the right ventricular wall with that of the left: Which is thickest? By how many times? Why?

A

left, 2 or 3 times, arterial pressure is higher in the systemic than in the pulmonary circulation, and it performs more work then the right ventricle.

103
Q

How many cusps make up the tricuspid valve? How many papillary muscles are found in the right ventricle?

A

3 and 3

104
Q

Left Atrium
Superior and inferior what?
Which valve guards the entry from the left atrium to the left ventricle?

How many cusps are present in this valve?

A

A small, smooth-walled chamber situated posterosuperiorly and forming the base of the heart. Posterior to it lies the oesophagus.

Pulmonary veins

Mitral valve

2

105
Q

Structures of the left ventricle

A
106
Q

How many papillary muscles are found in the left ventricle?

A

2

107
Q

What is the function of the papillary muscles?

A

Contract to prevent inversion or prolapse of the valves on ventricular contraction.

108
Q

What is the function of the chordae tendineae?

A

Tendons which connect the capillar muscles to the tricuspid valves and biscuspid valves.

109
Q

Which arteries supply the heart wall and their anastomosing braches?

A

Left and right coronary arteries

110
Q

How is the blood from the coronory arteries drained?

A

This blood is drained by means of the cardiac veins almost entirely to the coronary sinus (a wide venous channel on the posterior surface of the heart) which, in turn, feeds into the right atrium.

111
Q

Where do the coronary arteries and cardiac veins lie on the heart and where i relation to each other?

A

The coronary arteries and cardiac veins lie together in both the atrioventricular (=coronary) sulcus and the interventricular sulci (=grooves) of the heart wall.

112
Q

Name the coronary arteries

A
113
Q

From which part of the aorta do the coronary arteries arise?

A

Base of the aorta

114
Q

Which pair of coronary arteries anastomose in the coronary sulcus?

A

Right coronary artery and circumflex artery

115
Q

Which pair of coronary arteries anastomose in the interventricular sulcus?

A

Posterior interventicular aretry amd left anterior descending artery

116
Q

Name the cardiac veins?

A
117
Q

Where do the Lymphatics from the heart drain to?

A

Tacheobronchial and mediastinal (bronchopulmonary and paratracheal) lymph nodes.

118
Q

Name the lymaphatic drainage of the heart and lungs

A
119
Q

Autonomic motor fibres travelling in the vagus nerves (parasympathetic) and spinal cord segments T1-4 (sympathetic) are routed to the heart and coronary arteries via what?

A

The cardiac plexus situated at the bifurcation of
the trachea.

120
Q

Where do the sensory and pain fibres travel back from the heart to?

A

Spinal cord levels T1-4 in the sympathetic
nerves.

121
Q

Where do the motor fibres innervate to?

A
  • Innervate and influence nodes (SA and AV nodes) of modified cardiac muscle cells that spontaneously generate electrical impulses.
  • These modified cells are known as
  • *Purkinje** cells and their branches as Purkinje fibres.
122
Q

Where does the sinu-atrial (SA) node lie?

A
  • Lies near the opening of the SVC in the right atrium (chamber)
123
Q

Where does the atrioventricular (AV) node lie?

A

Lies in the inferior part of the interventicular septum

124
Q
A

anatomy of respiratory and cardiovascular (2 decks)

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