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Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

normal breathing

A

eupnea

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2
Q

temporary cessation of breathing

A

apnea

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3
Q

a larger than normal breath occuring automatically @recurring intervals to counter the collapse of alveoli ; initially deep inspiration

A

Sigh

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4
Q

exagerated sigh

A

Yawning

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5
Q

Yawning

A

reflex if there is an increased need for Oxygen, Boredom, primitive warning sign for lower animals

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6
Q

increase in respiratory rate

A

Tachypnea/Polypnea

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7
Q

Tachypnea

A

reflex in origin

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8
Q

increase in rate and depth of respiration; matches increased metabolic demands

A

hyperpnea

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9
Q

Hyperpnea

A

Exercise

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10
Q

inc rate and depth of respi exceeding metabolic demand

A

hyperventilation

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11
Q

hyperventilation

A

high altitudes

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12
Q

difficulty in breathing, conscious effort for increased reapiration

A

Dyspnea

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13
Q

Dyspnea

A

pulmonary congestion in early stages of pneumonia and left heart failure

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14
Q

intense stimulation of respiratory; extremely deep rapid breathing

A

Kussmaul Respiration

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15
Q

Kussmaul Respiration

A

metabolic acidosis; H concentration is the most powerful stimulant for respiratory center

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16
Q

dec in rate and depth of respiration

A

Hypoventilation

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17
Q

Hypoventilation

A

compensation for metabolic alkalosis

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18
Q

dyspnea in recumbent position

A

orthopnea

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19
Q

Orthopnea

A

pulmonary congestion/edema from left heart failure, obesity, and severe pneumonia

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20
Q

regular irregularity; cycles of gradual increase then plateau, then gradual decrease in tidal volumes

A

Cheyne-Stokes Respiration

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21
Q

Cheyne-Stokes Respiration

A

bilateral cortical disease, congestive heart failure, sleep @high altitudes

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22
Q

breaths of equal reapiration followed by unequal periods of apnea; irregular irregularity

A

Biot’s Respiration

23
Q

Biot’s Repiration

A

medullary or pontine lesions

24
Q

maximal brief inspiratory efforts separated by long periods of expiration

25
Q

Gasping

A

severe anoxia; terminal brain stem lesions

26
Q

prolonged inspirations separated by brief expiration; rare in humans

27
Q

Apneusis

A

lesion in pneumotaxic center

28
Q

Hering-Breuer Inflation reflex

A

Lung inflation
Stretch receptors in airways
Apnea/Decreased respiration; Bronchodilation

29
Q

Hering- Breuer Deflation Reflex

A

Lung deflation
J ,irritant, Stretch receptors (in airways)
Hyperpnea; sigh response

30
Q

Paradoxic Reflex of Head

A

Lung inflation
Stretch receptors in lung
Further inspiration, sigh response

31
Q

Sneeze reflex

A

Irritant @ nose
Receptors at nasal mucosa
Sneeze, bronchoconstriction, rise in BP, nasal congestion

32
Q

Cough reflex

A

Irritant beyond nose
Receptors in upper airways
Cough, bronchoconstriction

33
Q

Diving Reflex

A

Immersion of face in water
Receptors in nasal mucosa and face
Apnea, dec heart rate, vasoconstriction

34
Q

Pharyngeal dilator reflex

A

Neg pressure in upper airway
Receptors in nose, mouth, and upper airways
Constriction of pharyngeal dilator muscles

35
Q

Pulmonary chemoreflex

A

+ drugs in pulmonary circulation
J receptors on walls of pulmonary capillaries
Apnea/Tachypnea, bronchoconstriction

36
Q

Arterial chemoreceptor reflex

A

Low alveolar pO2 and low pH
Peripheral chemoreceptors in carotid and aortic bodies
Hyperpnea, vasoconstriction, bronchoconstriction, bradycardia

37
Q

Arterial barorceptor reflex

A

Rise in systemic BP
baroreceptors in carotid and aortic sinuses
Apnea, vasodilation, bronchodilation, bradycardia

38
Q

Reflex from muscles, tendon, joint

A

M&T- stretch; J- movement
M(muscle spindle); T(golgi tendon organ); J(proprioreceptors)
Hyperpnea

39
Q

Reflex due to pain

A

Any form of somatic pain
Nociceptors (a delta and c fibers)
Hyperpnea, vasoconstriction, tachycardia

40
Q

low ventilation-perfusion ratio

A

dec ventilation, normal perfusion bronchoconstriction, complete obstruction

41
Q

high ventilation-perfusion ratio

A

normal ventilation, dec perfusion

42
Q

required for facilitated diffusion of Oxygen

A

cytochrome p450

43
Q

oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve shift to the right

A

dec pH, Inc Temp, inc 2,3-DPG, inc CO2

44
Q

oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve shift to left

A

inc pH, dec Temp, dec 2,3-DPG, dec CO2, inc CO

45
Q

Hb F

A

shift to left

46
Q

Hb Seattle

A

shift to right

47
Q

Hb Kansas

A

shift to right

48
Q

Hb Rainier

A

shift to left

49
Q

total blood CO2 content @40torr

A

48ml/100ml blood, 2.4 phys dissolved

50
Q

total blood CO2 content @45torr

A

57.5ml/100ml blood, 2.7ml phys dissolved

51
Q

pneuomotaxic center

A

nucleus parabrachialis medialis and Kolliker-Fuse nucleus

52
Q

nucleus tractus solitarius

53
Q

Botzinger complex/Nucleus retrofacialis

A

rostral VRG

Physiology (6 decks)

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