Respiratory Flashcards
Respiratory causes of Clubbing?
Lung carcinoma
Chronic pulmonary suppuration - bronchiectasis, lung abscess, empyema
IPF
Asbestosis
CF
Mesothelioma
Mediastinal disease - thymoma, lymphoma, carcinoma
Non-respiratory causes of clubbing?
Infective endocarditis Congenital heart disease - eisenmengers, ToF IBD Liver cirrhosis Coeliac disease Thyrotoxicosis Familial Idiopathic
Term for normal breath sounds?
Vesicular
Causes of Bronchial breath sounds?
Lobar pneumonia
Localised fibrosis or collapse
Adjacent to a pleural effusion
Large lung cavity
Causes of reduced breath sounds?
Emphysema Large lung mass Collapse Fibrosis Pneumonia Effusion Pneumothorax
Causes of inspiratory wheeze/rhonchi?
Asthma
Extrathoracic obstruction
Causes of expiratory wheeze/rhonchi?
Asthma
COPD
Causes of fixed inspiratory wheeze?
Fixed bronchial obstruction - carcinoma
Cause of early inspiratory crackles?
COPD
Causes of late/pan inspiratory crackles?
Fine = fibrosis Medium = LV failure Coarse = bronchiectasis or retained secretions
Lights criteria?
Transudate:
- Pleural:serum protein <0.5
- Pleural LDH <2/3 ULN
- Pleural:serum LDH <0.6
Exudate:
- Pleural:serum protein ratio >0.5
- Pleural LDH >2/3rds ULN
- Pleural:serum LDH >0.6
Causes of transudate?
CCF Nephrotic syndrome Liver failure Meig's syndrome - ovarian fibroma Hypothyroidism
Causes of exudate?
Pneumonia Neoplasm TB Sarcoidosis Pulmonary infarction Abscess RA SLE Drugs - Nitrofurantoin, chemoTx Radiation
Signs of ILD?
Dry cough, crackles and clubbing
Signs of bronchiectasis?
Loose cough, sputum mug, coarse crackles and wheezes, clubbing
Sign of COPD?
Over-inflated chest, cyanosis, pursed lip breathing, reduced breath sounds and wheezes, Hoovers sign
Signs of pleural effusion?
Stony dullness
Bronchial breathing above
Needle marks from previous aspirations
Pleural catheters
Signs of Thoracoplasty?
Gross unilateral chest deformity, big scar
Signs of cystic fibrosis?
Young patients
Bronchectasis
Cachexia
Signs of treated carcinoma?
Clubbing Scars Radiotherapy marks Signs of effusion or collapse Lymph nodes
