Respiratory Flashcards
What is the resting pulmonary arterial pressure & exercise PAP:
Resting PAP: 25-30 mmHg
Exercise PAP: 125 - systemic pressure
What is the MABP for resting & exercise in the bronchial system:
Resting MABP: 100 mmHG
Exercise: 220 mmHg
The exercising horse is running hypoxemic so expect to see a arterial O2 of ______
65-75 mmHg intense exercise
In regards to oxygen tension, what is the pO2 of an animal breathing ambient air versus an animal during intense exercise.
At rest breathing ambient air -pO2= 100 mmHg
Intense exercise pO2= 65-70 mmHg
Common things to assess on PE of a horse: 1. 2. 3. 4.
Common things to assess on PE of a horse:
- Evaluate differential airflow in the nares
- Full auscultation –know landmarks
- Rebreath the animal to see if true pathology is present
- Thoracic percussion (rarely done)
Why is rebreathing done in horses?
Rebreathing the animal allows you to see if true pathology is present
T/F: Blood work (CBC, chemistries) is always done in all disease cases
FALSE– must know what you are looking for. If not, then you are wasting the clients money.
In regards to blood gas, is arterial or venous sample better to run if you suspect respiratory disease
Arterial stick for respiratory dz
Correct progressive order of respiratory structures from ROSTRAL to DISTAL
Rostral -- Nares -- Nasal passage -- Ethmoid -- Nasopharynx -- Guttural pouch -- Larynx --Trachea Distal
What structure splits the guttural pouch into medial and lateral compartments
Styloid Hyoid
1 differential for sinusitis in horse
TOOTH ROOT ABSCESS =#1 differential for sinusitis in horse
4 views for thoracic rads
4 views for thoracic rads :
- Cranial
- Ventral
- Craniodorsal
- Caudodorsal
Diagnostic choice for Pulmonary Dz:
Diagnostic choice for Thoracic Dz:
Pulmonary Dz = Thoracic rads
Thoracic Dz = Ultrasound
US in a normal lung, what will show repeated equidistant white (echogenic) lines
Echo wave hitting air and bouncing back will cause repeated equidistant white (echogenic) lines on a normal horse lung
In a pleuropneumonia case, what would the lungs look like on ultrasound
Anechioc fluid with little to no echoes - transudate such as in non-septic( viral induced)
What special imaging is used mostly in research to evaluate ventilation or perfusion of the lung tissue
Nuclear Scintigraphy
If you suspect local or focal/multifocal, which pulmonary sample evaluation would be best indicated:
TTW - local or focal
If you suspect diffuse pulmonary dz, which pulmonary sample evaluation method would be indicated:
BAL – diffuse pulmonary dz
Which sample allows you to look at cell types & culture: TTW or BAL
TTW – bc its a sterile procedure
T/F: BAL is a sterile technique that allows you to culture the sample
FALSE– BAL is non-sterile procedure
Name the location of a TTW:
Performed approximately at junction of middle and distal third of the neck
- above bifurcation of sternothyroideus muscle
Indications for TTW:
Indications for TTW:
- Infectious Dz culture
- Pulmonary Dz
- Focal dz
Name 5 diagnostic procedures for Respiratory: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Name 5 diagnostic procedures for Respiratory:
- TTW
- BAL
- Thoracocentesis
- Lung aspirate
- Lung biopsy
Term for use of rigid scope within thorax that requires inflation of thorax and thus collapses lung.
Pleuroscopy
Is lower or upper airway dz associated with:
– mostly or purely INSPIRATORY component to difficulty or associated noise
Upper Airway dz
Normal lung sounds on auscultation is characteristic of upper or lower airway dz
Lower Airway dz
Symmetric airflow from nostrils with abnormal lungs sounds are characteristics of upper or lower airway dz:
Lower Airway dz
Which characterizes which airway dz (upper vs lower)
- Inspiratory component =
- Expiratory component=
Which characterizes which airway dz (upper vs lower)
- Inspiratory component = Upper airway
- Expiratory component= Lower ariway
If there is ONLY bilateral nasal discharge, would you suspect upper or lower airway dz:
Lower airway dz = bilateral only
The following are characteristics of upper or lower airway dz:
- upper, unilateral or bilateral discharge
- mostly INSPIRATORY component to difficulty or associated noise
- Normal lungs sounds
Upper Airway dz
The following are characteristics of upper or lower airways dz:
- Bilateral nasal discharge
- symmetric airflow from nostrils (differential airflow)
- mostly or purely expiratory component to difficulty and/or associated abnormal sounds.
- abnormal lung sounds
Lower Airway dz
Clicker: Bilateral nasal discharge can be associated to upper or lower respiratory dz
True
Clicker: Cough is associated with upper and lower respiratory disease
True
Clicker: Unilateral nasal discharge is associated with upper and lower respiratory dz:
False
– unilateral= upper only
Clicker: A horse can manifest a neutrophilic leukocytosis and hyperfibrinogenemia with either upper or lower respiratory dz
True
- neutrophilic leukocytosis + high fibrin = infectious dz.
- basically this question is just asking if you can have an infectious dz with upper and lower dz
Characteristics below are associated with infectious or non-infectious dz:
- generally serous, maybe mucoid discharge if any.
- -Normal temp, CBC, fibrin
Non-infectious dz
Characteristics below are associated with infectious or non-infectious dz:
- serous (viral), mucoid/mucopurulent/purulent discharge
- -FEVER
- Typically mature neutrophilic leukocytosis with hyperfibrinogenemia on CBC.
Infectious dz
Clicker: A 2 yr old standardred gelding presents for a cough and nasal discharge. PE reveals fever, purulent nasal discharge, mild tachypnea and tachycardia, and normal thoracic auscultation. Which of the following best categorizes the disease in this horse:
- -Noninfectious URT dz
- -Infectious LRT dz
- -Infectious URT dz
- Noninfectious LRT dz
Infectious URT dz
- purulent = infectious
- normal thoracic auscultation= URT
- fever
Abnormal respiratory sounds on auscultation is characteristic of upper or lower airway dz
LOWER airways dz
