Cough 1 Flashcards
Term refer to a sudden forceful noisy expulsion of air through the glottis to clear particles & other material from the tracheobronchial tree and glottis.
Cough
– important & normal respiratory defense mechanism
2 protective mechanisms that function together:
- Mucociliary escalator
2. Cough reflex
Term that refers to removing secretions from the tracheobronchial tree proximal to the level of the segmental bronchi
Cough relfex
Term that refers to the continuous wave of ciliary motion that starts at the level of the bronchioles
Mucociliary escalator
T/F: the cough neural pathway can be both involuntary & voluntarily.
True
The involuntary reflex, of the cough neural pathway, involves ______ receptor through tracheobronchial tree.
Sensory receptor
The involuntary reflex predominantly consist of what nerve?
Vagal nerve
–others: glossopharyngeal, trigeminal, and phrenic n.
What is a constant component of cough:
Bronchoconstriction is a constant component of cough.
– irritants can trigger bronchoconstriction & cough but are SEPARATE reflexes. Just bc the animal is coughing does not mean bronchoconstriction is occurring.
List the components for cough stimulation: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
List the components for cough stimulation:
- bronchoconstriction
- Excessive mucous production
- deposition of inhaled particles
- release of inflammatory mediator (infectious dz)
- exposure of hot or cold air
- intramural or extramural pressure
- sloughing of airway epithelium
- enhance epithelial permeability (pulm edema)
What type of cells are found in the trachea that are involves in the mucociliary clearance mechanism:
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
- secretion traps particulate matter
- airway epithelium takes about 7 weeks to heal.
How long does airway epithelium take to heal:
7 weeks to heal
What type of cells are located in the terminal & respiratory bronchioles that metabolize airborne toxins
Clara cells
– source of surfactant-like substance which aids in maintaining patency of airway
What are all the factors below associated with:
- decreased cell #
- mucous plug
- dehydration
- -irritant gases
- dust
- -cold water
- -anesthetic
Decreased Mucociliary clearance
What type of bacteria will produce a nasal discharge that is foul smelling:
Anaerobic bacteria – associated with foul smell.
What type of infection is present if the horse has mucopurulent discharge
Bacterial infection = mucopurulent
Rebreathing examination works by increasing ____ content where receptors will trigger the brain to tell them to breathe heavier. When the bag is taken off, they will sense the oxygen and will take a DEEP breath allowing you to listen to the areas of interest.
CO2 content
- inhalation of expired carbon dioxide, not necessarily deprive it of oxygen
- eupnea and hyperpnea
What is each lung sound describing:
- ______: increased lung sounds, crackles, and wheezes
- _______: ventral dull sound
- _______: cardiac sound larger area than normal bc improved sound conduction
What is each lung sound describing:
- _Pneumonia__: increased lung sounds, crackles, and wheezes
- _Pleuropneumonia__: ventral dull sound
- Pleural effusion: cardiac sound larger area than normal bc improved sound conduction
T/F: Fever is associated with infectious disease:
True
–Fever is associated with infectious & secondary infection to a non-infectious condition (parasitic)
NO fever:
- RAO
- -Larynx or pharyngeal abnorm
- -parasitic (can become feverish)
- EIPH
- -FB
- -Neoplasia
- -trauma
Major cause of respiratory disease in horses
Equine Influenza
How is equine influenza transmitted
aerosolized respiratory secretions >35feet
- increased exposure: crowding, transport, and stress
- cold weather may be related
Equine Influenza can destroy _____ ______
Equine influenza can destroy Ciliated epithelium
Equine Influenza effects old or young horses
Young horses – 3 yrs old = equine influenza
Equine influenza can sometimes present like laminitis because in the early stages it can cause _____
Add to dictionary in early stages – puffy joints will be seen & they are reluctant to walk
Equine influenza can sometimes present like laminitis because in the early stages it can cause POLYSYNOVITIS.
Out of EHV4 & EHV1, which one will effect respiratory and reproductive
EHV4: Respiratory & reproductive
EHV1: Respiratory & Neurologic form
Equine herpes virus incubation period:
1-3 days incubation period for EHV
EHV can have other CS that are not associated with lung tissue. What are some of the CS.
EHV clinical signs:
- Conjunctivitis
- lymphadenopathy
- edema
- -vasculitis
- polysynovitis *
Which 2 EHV can be respiratory but low pathogenicity? which one is associated with EMPF:
EHV 2 & 5 can be respiratory but low pathogenicity
EHV 5 - related to EMPF (equine multi nodule pulmonary fibrosis)
What are the characteristics below associated with:
- -Respiratory dz, abortions, foal pneumonia
- not age related
- close contact transmission (semen) and most infections are subclinical
- long lasting immunity= natural & vaccine exposure
Equine Viral Arteritis
T/F: equine viral arteritis can have long lasting immunity ( natural & vaccine exposure)
True
Transmission for equine viral arteritis is:
Close contact transmission (semen) and most infections are subclinical.
– not age related.
Which virus affects immunocompromised foals (SCID):
Equine Adenovirus
- immunocompromised foals (SCID)
- Pneumonia result from secondary bacteria