Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Boards Study > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

Dorsal pharyngeal wall supported by which muscle? Innervated by?

A

Stylopharyngeus

Innervated by CN IX (glossopharyngeal); if blocked causes dorsal pharyngeal collapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Dilation of pharynx on inhalation

A

Geniohyoid & genioglossus pull rostrally & ventrally; sternothyroid & sternohyoid pull caudally –> extension of stylohyoid-ceratohyoid articulation, ventral movement of hyoid bone, & nasopharyngeal dilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Muscles that dilate external nares?

A

Dilator naris & transversus nasi; innervated by CN 7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Position of soft palate determined by which 4 muscles?

A
  1. Palatinus
  2. Tensor veli palatini
  3. Levator veli palatini
  4. Palatopharyngeus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Dysfxn of which muscle destabilizes the cranial portion of the soft palate?

A

Tensor veli palatini

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Innervation of the muscles of the soft palate?

A

Pharyngeal br of Vagus innervates all but tensor veil palatini
T veli palatini - medial branch of mandibular nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Dysfxn of which muscle destabilizes the cranial portion of the soft palate?

A

T veli palatini

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Blocking pharyngeal branch of Vagus nerve results in what?

A

DDSP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which muscle stabilizes epiglottis?

A

M. hyoepiglotticus

Originates on basihyoid bone & inserts on base of epiglottis
When contracts – pulls epiglottis ventrad toward base of tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Hyoepiglotticus innervated by what nerve?

A 
CN XII (hypoglossal) 
Blocking causes epiglottic retroversion during inhalation in exercising horses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What upper airway dysfxn easier to recreate on treadmill than overground endoscopy in racehorses?

A

Palatal dysfxn & DDSP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

After laryngoplasty & ventriculocordectomy peak inspiratory flow & minute ventilation increase how much?

A

Peak inspiratory flow - 30-70%

Minute ventilation - up to 50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

On ultrasound, depth of basihyoid bone was shown to be affected how in horses with DDSP?

A

More shallow in horses w DDSP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

US sensitivity & specificity for RLN?

A

Increased muscle echogenicity of cricoarytenoideus lateralis

Sensitivity 90.77%
Specificity – 90%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Key diagnostic feature of 4-BAD?

A

Absence of cricothyroid articulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

6 pairs of sinuses

A

Dorsal, middle, & ventral nasal conchal sinuses
Sphenopalatine sinus
Frontal sinus
Maxillary sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Dorsal conchal sinus communicates with which sinus?

A

Frontal sinus; formin conchofrontal sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Ventral conchal sinus communicates with which other sinus?

A

Rostral maxillary sinus; over infraorbital canal through conchomaxillary opening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which sinus is largest?

A

Maxillary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Roots of which maxillary teeth enter the rostral & caudal maxillary sinus?

A

109/209 - rostral

110/210 & 111/211 - caudal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe communications of caudal maxillary sinus

A

Caudal max sinus partially divided by infraorbital canal over which it communicates w sphenopalatine sinus
Communicates dorsally w conchofrontal sinus via frontomaxillary opening @ level of osseous lacrimal canal & medial wall of orbit
Communicates w nasal cavity thru nasomaxillary opening into caudal aspect of middle meatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe communications of rostral maxillary sinus?

A

Rostral max sinus divided by infraorbital canal into medial & lateral compartments
Medial compartment communicates w middle nasal meatus via narrow slit (nasomaxillary opening)
Rostral compartment communicates w ventral conchal sinus over infraorbital canal thru conchomaxillary opening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Sphenopalatine sinus communicates with which other sinus?

A

Caudal maxillary sinus

24
Q

Complications of nasal septum removal

A

Formation of excessive granulation tissue of caudal septal stump
Adhesions to nasal conchae
These may result in persistent noise or exercise intolerance
Prognosis for normal fxn guarded

25
Treatment for ethmoid hematoma in fundus of nasal cavity & < 5 cm diameter?
Nd:YAG laser or intralesional formalin Several laser applications & formalin injections typically needed Laser – best ablated using noncontact technique @ 60W Formalin – injected into mass endoscopically q3-4 wks (avg 5 injections)
26
Rate of recurrence of ethmoid hematoma after sx?
43%
27
Where is site for establishing communication btw rostral maxillary sinus & nasal cavity?
Dorsally over infraorbital canal in young horses & ventral to infraorbital canal in older horses
28
Blood supply to soft palate
Maxillary artery | Linguofacial trunk
29
Innervation of soft palate
Branches of trigeminal, glossopharyngeal, & vagus
30
Intrinsic muscles of soft palate & function?
``` Palatinus Levator veli palatini Tensor veli palatini Palatopharyngeus Stylopharyngeus ``` Fxn - contributes to stability of nasopharynx
31
Palatine aponeurosis formed by?
Expansion of tendon of tensor veil palatini; attaches to caudal margin hard palate
32
Origin, insertion, function of tensor veli palatini?
Muscular process of petrous temporal bone & lateral lamina of auditory tube; passes along lateral wall of nasopharynx to insert w/in soft palate Elevates SP during swallowing, closes nasopharynx, & facilitates oral ventilation in nonobligate nasal breathers
33
Origin, insertion, function of palatinus muscle?
Paired fusiform muscle that originates at caudal aspect of palatine aponeurosis & courses thru middle of SP, just beneath nasal mucosa to ramify in caudal free margin of SP Shortens SP & depresses it toward tongue (with palatopharyngeus)
34
Origin, insertion, function of palatopharyngeus?
Arises from palatine aponeurosis (lateral to palatinus) & from palatine & pterygoid bones; fibers continue caudal on lateral wall of pharynx & partially insert into upper edge of thyroid cartilage; remainder continues dorsad & inserts at median fibrous raphe Shortens SP & depresses it toward tongue (with palatinus)
35
Origin, insertion, function of tensor veil palatini?
Fusiform mm; originates @ muscular process of petrous part of temporal bone, pterygoid bone, & lateral lamina of auditory tube & travels rostroventrad along lateral wall of nasopharynx lateral to levator veli palatini; tendon courses around Hamulus of pterygoid bone & ramifies in palatine aponeurosis Tenses rostral aspect of SP by using Hamulus as pulley & retracts SP away from dorsal pharyngeal wall expanding nasopharynx & slightly depressing it ventrad during inspiration
36
Origin, insertion, function of rostral stylopharyngeus?
Originates from medial surface of rostral end of stylohyoid bone & inserts on pharyngeal raphe Acts as pharyngeal constrictor; not stimulated during exercise
37
Origin, insertion, function of caudal stylopharyngeus?
Originates from medial aspect of caudal third of stylohyoid bone & courses ventrally & rostrally to attach on dorsolateral wall of pharynx Pharyngeal dilator & is responsible for tension on roof of nasopharynx that helps to resist collapse w inspiratory pressure
38
Caudal stylopharyngeus innervated by?
CN IX (glossopharyngeal)
39
Extrinsic musculature of pharynx?
``` Geniohyoideus Thyrohyoideus Genioglossus Hyoglossus Styloglossus Sternohyoideus Sternothyroideus Hyoepiglotticus ``` Fxn --> Contribute to respiratory patency of nasopharynx by indirectly increasing diameter thru change in size of oropharynx or posn of larynx; also increases stability of SP @ exercise
40
Origin, insertion, fun of geniohyoideus?
Originates in conjunction w genioglossus on medial surface of mandible near symphysis & inserts on basihyoid bone Draws hyoid apparatus rostrally & protrudes tongue
41
Origin, insertion, & function of thyrohyoideus?
Extends from lateral lamina of thyroid cartilage to caudal aspect of thyrohyoid bone Enhances SP stability during exercise by moving larynx rostrad so thyroid cartilage rests more dorsal & rostral in relation to basihyoid; resection disrupts stability resulting in DDSP
42
Origin, insertion, function of genioglossus?
Originates w/in median plane of tongue; attaches to oral surface of mandible caudal to symphysis Contraction protracts tongue & pulls basihyoid bone rostrally; activity may be reproduced by tongue tie
43
Origin, insertion, & function of hyoglossus?
Located medial to styloglossus, originates on hyoid bones (lingual process & stylohyoid & thyrohyoid bone) & inserts on medial plane of dorsum of tongue Retracts & depresses base of tongue
44
Origin, insertion, & function of sternohyoideus & sternothyroideus?
Originate on sternal manubrium & extend cranially; sternothyroideus inserts on caudal abaxial aspect of thyroid cartilage & sternohyoideus inserts on basihyoid bone & lingual process of hyoid apparatus Contraction results in caudal traction on hyoid apparatus & larynx
45
Origin, insertion, function of hyoepiglotticus muscle?
Attaches to hyoid bone @ base of epiglottis During contraction pulls epiglottis ventrad toward base of tongue increasing ventral dimension of rima glottidis
46
Geniohyoideus, genioglossus, styloglossus, hypoglossus, & hyoepiglotticus innervated by which nerve?
Hypogossal nerve
47
Sternohyoideus & sternothyroideus innervated by what nerves?
Branches from 1st & 2nd cervical nerves
48
Pharyngotomy allows access to which portion of soft palate?
Caudal 1/3
49
Which muscle can be damaged during pharyngotomy?
Hyoepiglotticus or its innervation
50
Treatment options for rostral pharyngeal collapse?
Laser thermoplasty - diode laser 20 W, 600 um contact fiber Thermal palatoplasty Tension palatoplasty
51
Dysfunction of what muscle results in collapse of roof of nasopharynx?
Stylopharyngess caudalis
52
Potential etiologies for DDSP
Masses Epiglottic hypoplasia or deformation - unable to hold SP in sub epiglottic posn Caudal retraction of tongue - base of tongue may push soft palate dorsad (tongue tie) Opening of mouth letting air into oropharynx - disturbs stabilizing effect of sub atmospheric pressure on ventral surface SP (drop/fig-8 noseband) Abnormal pos of larynx & hyoid bone - more ventral basihyoid bone & more caudal pos larynx in DDSP Dysfxn of pharyngeal branch vague nerve Dysfxn of thyrohyoideus muscle Dysfxn of hypoglossal nerve Causes increased impedance, decreased minute ventilation, & hypoxia
53
3 models used to induce DDSP
1. Blockade of pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve; palatinus & palatopharyngeus mm important in stabilizing sp during rest & exercise; results in feed & water contamination of upper airway 2. Thyrohyoideus muscle model – actions of these muscles collapsibility of nasopharynx @ exercise supporting beneficial effect of swallowing on palatal instability 3. Blockade of hypoglossal nerve – stabilizing effect on nasopharynx
54
4 surgical treatment options for DDSP
1. Staphylectomy (partial soft palate resection) - > 0.75 cm resection disturbs seal btw oropharynx; generally for resection of granuloma or cyst or txt of permanent DDSP w tie-forward 2. Standard myectomy (sternohyoideus & sternothyroideus) 3. Minimally invasive myectomy (Llewellyn procedure - partial sternothyroidectomy); rapidly performed & easy in field 4. Laryngeal tie-forward (Tension & thermal palatoplasty ineffective for DDSP)
55
Tie-forward intends to replace action of which muscle?
Thyrohyoideus muscle; by sutures placed btw thyroid cartilage & basihyoid bone
56
3 treatment options for choanal atresia
Diode laser resection Choanal memo & partial nasal septum resection via nasal bone flap Membrane resected through laryngotomy (young foal)

Boards Study (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions